TABLE 2.
Influence of dietary factors in gene expression of genes associated with obesity.
| Dietary factors | Target genes | Regulation up or down | Potential health effects | Type sample | References |
| Lipid metabolism and insulin | ADRB2 | Down | The expression of ADRB2 was significantly lower in the adipose tissues of obese patients than in tissues of normal-weight individuals | Adipose tissues | (98) |
| Lipid metabolism | ADRB3 | Down | ADRB3 expression levels in adipocytes were downregulated before the onset of obesity, indicating that reduced ADRB3 expression might be the cause of obesity. | Mature adipocytes and adipose tissue stromal vascular cells | (136) |
| Triglyceride metabolism | APOA5 | Down | The amount of apoA5 was significantly reduced by 69% in the obese group as compared with the non-obese group | Human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues | (137) |
| HDL metabolism | CETP | Up | HDL concentration and CETP expression are correlated; if HDL concentration is higher, CETP expression is also higher. | Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue | (138) |
| Xenobiotic metabolism | CYP1A2 | Down | The high-fat diet curtailed the activity and the expression the CYP1A2 in obese male and female mice. | Liver tissue | (139) |
| Vitamin D deficiency | CYP2R1 | Down | Obesity represses CYP2R1 expression in human adipose tissue. | Adipose tissue | (110) |
| Cholesterol metabolism | CYP7A1 | Up | Relative to the high fat diet fed group, the low fat diet fed animals showed reductions in the hepatic expression of CYP7A1. | Hepatic tissue | (140) |
| Free fatty acid metabolism | FABP2 | Down | FABP2 expression was intermediate in the duodenum, highest in the ileum, and close to zero in the colon. | Duodenal, ileum, and colon biopsy samples | (132) |
| Lipid metabolism | FADS1 | Down | FADS1 gene expression was lower in duodenum and jejunum 3 months following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, compared to before surgery. | Mucosa from stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
(141) |
| Lipid metabolism | FADS2 | Down | FADS1 and FADS2 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the TT carriers compared with the CC and TT carriers. | Visceral adipose tissues | (142) |
| Glucose and lipid metabolism | FTO | Up | The relative gene expressions in overweight/obese were significantly decreased at the end of Ramadan intermittent fasting. | Whole blood sample | (121) |
| Lipid metabolism and vitamin B12 levels | FUT2 | Up | Fut2 mRNA had significantly lower expression after Western diet feeding for 20 weeks in an obese mouse model. | Ileum and colon tissue | (143) |
| Glucose and fat metabolism | GIPR | Down | GIPR expression was downregulated in human adipose tissue from obese patients and correlated negatively with body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and glucose and triglyceride levels. | Human sc adipose tissue | (144) |
| Insuline resistance | IRS1 | Down | The reduced expression of IRS-1 in visceral adipose tissue of morbidly obese people suggests that IRS-1 expression plays a prognostic role in visceral adipose tissue’s insulin responsiveness. | Visceral adipose tissue | (145) |
| Glucose metabolism | LEP | Up | An increased expression of LEP was detected in the subcutaneous fat of the obese group compared to control. | Subcutaneous fat tissue | (146) |
| Lipid metabolism | LIPC | Down | High-fat diet feeding significantly decreases hepatic lipase activity (LIPC) in mice | Liver tissue | (147) |
| Appetite regulation | MC4R | Down | They found a significant decrease in MC4R mRNA expression in rats fed a high-fat diet compared to expression levels in rats fed a normal diet. | Adipose tissue | (148) |
| Folate metabolism | MTHFR | Up | MTHFR expression was directly correlated with severe obesity. | Visceral adipose tissue | (149) |
| Omega 3 | MYRF | Up | Several genes were associated with the progression of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inconclusive results for MYRF. | GEO database: GPL20301 dataset | (150) |
| Lipid metabolism and obesity | NOS3 | Up | Increased gene expression of NOS3 may cause decreased lipolysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue in obesity. | Adipose tissue. | (151) |
| Appetite regulation | NPY | Up | NPY overexpression in the paraventricular nucleus causes obesity by increasing food intake, whereas NPY knockdown in the hypothalamus promotes energy expenditure. | Hypothalamus rats | (152) |
| Lipid and cholesterol metabolism appetite regulation | PCSK1 | Down | Inconclusive study | Pancreatic tissue of mice | (153) |
| Lipid and carbohydrates metabolism | PPARG | Up | PPARG mRNA expression is most abundant in serum of obese patients both diabetic and non-diabetic. | Serum | (154) |
| Insuline resistance | TCF7L2 | Down | Obesity was associated with reduced TCF7L2 transcript levels in whole subcutaneous abdominal AT but paradoxically increased expression in adipose progenitor cells. | Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue | (155) |
| Iron levels | TFR2 | Up | Increased tfR2 expression and the presence of iron. | Adipose tissues from obese mice | (156) |
| Glucose and energy balance | UCP1 | Up | UCP1 mRNA expression in had significant negative correlations with obesity-related markers. | Abdominal visceral adipose tissue | (157) |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Bilirubin levels | UGT1A1 | Up | These data demonstrated obesity- and fasting-induced UGT1A1 increased expression in mouse liver. | Liver tissue | (158) |