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. 2022 Dec 1;9:1006315. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1006315

TABLE 3.

The detection dogs’ performance.

Period 1 Period 2


Overall (August–September 2021) (Jan–March 2022)



Percent 95% CI Percent 95% CI Percent 95% CI
Dog 1
Sensitivity 68.5 (59.7–76.3) 83.1 (73.7–90.2) 36.6 (22.1–53.1)
Specificity 98.0 (97.4–98.4) 98.4 (97.1–99.2) 97.9 (97.2–98.4)
ROC area 83.2 (79.2–87.2) 90.8 (87.0–95.0) 67.2 (59.8–74.7)
Positive predictive value 59.3 (51.0–67.3) 88.1 (79.2–94.1) 21.2 (11.1–34.7)
Negative predictive value 98.6 (98.1–99.0) 97.6 (96.1–98.7) 99.1 (98.6–99.3)
Dog 2
Sensitivity 70.6 (61.5–78.6) 82 (72.5–89.4) 36.7 (19.9–56.1)
Specificity 97.7 (97.0–98.2) 96.1 (94.3–97.5) 98.1 (97.4–98.6)
ROC area 84.1 (80.0–88.2) 89.1 (85.0–93.0) 67.4 (58.6–76.2)
Positive predictive value 56.4 (48.0–64.5) 75.3 (65.5–83.5) 41.9 (29.1–55.7)
Negative predictive value 98.7 (98.2–99.1) 97.4 (95.8–98.5) 97.6 (96.9–98.2)
Dog 3
Sensitivity 74.6 (66.2–81.8) 89.9 (81.7–95.3) 41.5 (26.3–57.9)
Specificity 97.4 (96.7–97.9) 97.4 (95.7–98.5) 97.4 (96.6–98.0)
ROC area 86.0 (82.2–89.8) 93.6 (90.0–97.0) 69.0 (61.8–77.0)
Positive predictive value 55.1 (47.4–62.6) 83.0 (74.4–90.2) 21.3 (12.9–31.8)
Negative predictive value 98.9 (98.4–99.2) 98.5 (97.2–99.3) 99.0 (98.5–99.3)
Dog 4
Sensitivity 64.1 (55.1–72.3) 75.0 (64.6–83.6) 40.0 (24.9–56.7)
Specificity 96.9 (96.1–97.5) 97.2 (95.6–98.4) 96.7 (95.8–97.5)
ROC area 80.5 (76.0–85.0) 86.1 (82.0–91.0) 68.4 (60.7–76.1)
Positive predictive value 51.9 (43.8–59.9) 79.5 (69.2–87.6) 21.3 (12.7–32.3)
Negative predictive value 98.1 (97.4–98.6) 96.4 (94.6–97.7) 98.7 (98.0–99.1)
At least one dog
Sensitivity 83.9 (75.8–90.2) 97.6 (91.6–99.7) 44.8 (26.4–64.3)
Specificity 94.9 (93.9–95.8) 92.6 (90.1–94.6) 95.7 (94.6–96.7)
ROC area 90.0 (86.0–92.9) 95.1 (93.1–97.1) 70.3 (61.1–79.5)
Positive predictive value 46.3 (39.3–53.4) 65.9 (56.8–74.2) 16.3 (8.95–26.2)
Negative predictive value 99.1 (98.6–99.5) 99.6 (98.6–100.0) 99.0 (98.3–99.4)