Table 1.

Examples of visual prediction

Example	Type of prediction	Brain area	How input correlations are learned	How memories of recent history are stored	Extrapolation mechanism
Examples that are thought to rely on feedforward processing and simple memory mechanisms
Novelty (Kaliukhovich & Vogels 2011, Li et al. 1993, Meyer & Rust 2018, Xiang & Brown 1998)	Predictive persistence	Retina and cortex	Evolution and/or development	Adaptation	Feedforward
Reversal response (Chen et al. 2014, Schwartz et al. 2007)	Predictive change	Retina	Evolution and/or development	Adaptation	Feedforward
Tethered Brownian motion (Palmer et al. 2015, Salisbury & Palmer 2016)	Predictive change	Retina	Evolution and/or development	Adaptation	Feedforward
Flash lag effect (Anstis 2007, Eagleman & Sejnowski 2000, Hazelhoff & Wiersma 1924, Khoei et al. 2017, Lopez-Moliner & Linares 2006, Nieman et al. 2006, Nijhawan 2002, Patel et al. 2000, Sheth et al. 2000, Shioiri et al. 2010, Subramaniyan et al. 2018, Trenholm et al. 2013)	Predictive change	Retina and V1	Evolution and/or development	Adaptation, gap-junction coupling	Feedforward
Examples that are thought to involve feedback processing and more sophisticated forms of memory
Novelty with expectation (Grotheer & Kovacs 2014, Kovacs et al. 2013, Summerfield et al. 2008)	Predictive persistence	Human visual cortex	Learning in adulthood	Unknown	Feedback
Configured image sequences (Hindy et al. 2016, Meyer & Olson 2011, Meyer et al. 2014, Schwiedrzik & Freiwald 2017)	Predictive change	High-level visual cortex (e.g., IT)	Learning in adulthood	Hippocampal pattern completion	Feedback

The two classes of examples in this table cannot be parsed by the type of prediction or brain area, but they do align with the distinction between the times when the input correlations are learned (during evolution and development versus in adulthood, respectively). Abbreviation: IT, inferotemporal.