Table 5.
Types of pesticides exposing applicators and residents in East Hararge Zone, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia.
| Pesticide type per | Active | WHO toxicity | IARC (EPA) | ADIa | Applicators | Residents |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chemical group | ingredient | class | classification | (mg kg−1 BW day−1) | ||
| N*(%) | N*(%) | |||||
| Herbicide | ||||||
| Glycine derivative | Glyphosate | III | 2A | 0.1 | 317 (39.5) | 41 (15.2) |
| Phenoxy-carboxylic acid | 2–4 D | II | 2B | 0.05 | 200 (24.9) | 36 (13.3) |
| Triazine | Atrazine | III | G3 | 0.02 | 4 (0.5) | 3 (1.1) |
| Chloroacetamide | Alachlor | III | GIII (EPA) | 0.01 | 2 (0.2) | 3 (1.1) |
| Insecticide | ||||||
| Organophosphate | Malathion | III | 2A | 0.03 | 282 (35.1) | 52 (19.3) |
| Organophosphate | Diazinon | II | 2A | 0.0002 | 253 (31.5) | 43 (15.9) |
| Organophosphate | Dimethoate | II | G3 | 0.001 | 237 (29.5) | 1 (0.4) |
| Pyrethroids | Deltamethrin | II | G3 | 0.01 | 135 (16.8) | 43 (15.9) |
| Organochlorine | Endosulfan | II | G3 | 0.006 | 86 (10.7) | 44 (16.3) |
| Organochlorine | DDT | II | 2A | 0.01 | 83 (10.3) | 11 (4.1) |
| Carbamate | Carbaryl | II | G3 | 0.0075 | 66 (8.2) | 1 (0.4) |
| Pyrethroids | Cypermethrin | II | 2B | 0.05 | 7 (0.9) | 3 (1.1) |
| Organophosphate | Fenitrothion | II | G3 | 0.005 | 5 (0.6) | 3 (1.1) |
| Fungicide | ||||||
| Dithiocarbamate | Mancozeb | IV | G3 | 0.05 | 20 (2.5) | 1 (0.4) |
| Chloronitrile | Chlorothalonil | III | 2B | 0.015 | 14 (1.7) | 3 (1.1) |
| Triazole | Epoxiconazole | II | G3 | 0.008 | 4 (0.5) | 3 (1.1) |
| Carbamic acid | Thiram | III | G3 | 0.01 | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) |
WHO classification of pesticide by hazardousness (LD50): Ia = Extremely hazardous; Ib = Highly hazardous; II = Moderately hazardous; III = Slightly hazardous; IV = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification: Group1 (G1) = carcinogenic to humans; 2A= probably carcinogenic to humans; 2B= possibly carcinogenic to humans; G3=not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans; US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classification: G3 = likely to be a human carcinogen at high doses; *Multiple choices were possible. aAccording to Pesticide Properties Database (PPDB).