Figure 2.

Schematic of nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy regulating the TIME. Nanoparticles are mainly classified as liposomes, micelles, SNPs, and metallic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have the functions of delivering drugs, delivering nucleic acids, and mediating combination therapy. Based on these functions, nanoparticles can regulate TIME in four ways: (1) mediating PTT and PDT to induce ICD in tumor cells; (2) improving drug targeting to immunosuppressive molecules; (3) targeting Tregs; and (4) targeting TAMs. By reversing the immunosuppressive state of TIME, nanoparticles can enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy such as ICB, ACT, tumor vaccines, and cytokines.