Table 2.
Characteristics of MS and NMOSD/MOGAD after COVID-19 vaccines.
| MS (n = 47) | NMOSD/MOGAD (n = 9) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| New diagnoses (n = 15) | Relapses (n = 32) | ||
|
Age median years (range) |
40 (26–36) | 39 (22–60) | 53 (26–75) |
|
Female sex n (%) |
12 (80) | 24 (75) | 6 (67) |
|
Disease duration median years (IQR) |
– | 10 (0.25–28) | 8h |
|
Time from last relapsea median years (IQR) |
– | 7 (3–14.25) | n/a |
|
EDSSb median (range) |
n/a | 2 (0–6) | n/a |
|
DMT n (%) |
None | Untreated: 10 (31) First-line: 9 (28) Second-line: 13 (41) |
Azathioprineh |
|
Vaccine type n (%) |
- mRNA: 13 (87) - AV: 2 (13) - Inactivated: – |
- mRNA: 18 (56) - AV: 13 (41) - Inactivated: 1 (3) |
- mRNA: 2 (22) - AV: 5 (56) - Inactivated: 2 (22) |
|
Time from vaccine to symptoms onsetc median days (range) |
7 (1–35) - mRNA: 7 (1–35) - AV: 5.5 (3–8) - Inactivated: – |
7 (1–25) - mRNA: 6.5 (3–14) - AV: 10 (7–20) - Inactivated: 2 |
10 (3–21) - mRNA: 14 (10–18) - AV: 8 (7.5–11) - Inactivated: 6.5 (3–10) |
|
Number of very early onset eventsd n (%) |
6 - mRNA: 5 (83) - AV: 1 (17) - Inactivated: – |
9 - mRNA: 6 (67) - AV: 2 (22) - Inactivated: 1 (11) |
1 - mRNA: – - AV: – - Inactivated: 1 |
|
MRIe n (%) |
Brain: - Supratentorial: 12 (80) - Infratentorial: 3 (20) Spinal cord: - STM: 6 (40) - LETM: 0 Optic nerve: 0 |
Brain: - Supratentorial: 17 (53) - Infratentorial: 7 (22) Spinal cord: - STM: 7 (22) - LETM: 1 (3) Optic nerve: 2 (6) |
Brain: - Supratentorial: 3 (33) - Infratentorial: 4 (44) Spinal cord: - STM: 2 (22) - LETM: 4 (44) Optic nerve: 2 (22%) |
|
CSFf n (%)* |
OCB presence: 12 (92) | n/a | OCB presence: 2 (25) |
|
Serumf n (%)* |
anti-AQP4: 0 anti-MOG: 0 |
n/a | anti-AQP4: 6 (75) anti-MOG: 1 (13) |
|
Treatment n (%) |
IVMP/OCS: 15 (100) PEX/IVIG: 3 (20) |
IVMP/OCS: 29 (91) PEX/IVIG: 1 (3) |
IVMP/OCS: 8 (89) PEX/IVIG: 5 (56) |
|
Recoveryg n (%)* |
Complete/almost: 10 (77) Partial: 3 (23) |
Complete/almost: 16 (62) Partial: 10 (39) |
Complete/almost: 3 (33) Partial: 6 (67) |
AV, adenoviral-vectored; DMT, disease modifying treatment; IQR, interquartile range; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; IVMP, high dose intravenous methylprednisolone; LETM, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; Mab, monoclonal antibody; n/a, not available data; OCB, oligoclonal bands; OCS, oral corticosteroids; PEX, plasma exchange; STM, short-segment transverse myelitis; TM, transverse myelitis.
*Proportions are based on cases with related data available.
aTime from the last clinical and/or radiological relapse.
bExpanded Disability Status Scale at baseline.
cTimeframe between vaccine administration and onset of MS/NMOSD/MOGAD symptoms.
dEvents occurred within 3 days of vaccine administration.
eNumber of cases presenting different location/extension of new T2-weighted/gadolinium-enhancing brain and/or spinal cord lesions at MRI.
fNumber of cases presenting CSF/serum positive findings.
gRecovery at the last available follow-up.
hDisease duration and DMT of the unique reported case of NMOSD relapse in a previously diagnosed patient (Case 8, Supplementary Table 4).