| References | Country | Clinical condition, sample size (F/M) | Study design | Age, mean (years) | Outcome measures | Baseline pain intensity: mean | Baseline depression/anxiety: mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samartin-Veiga et al. (2022) | Spain | Fibromyalgia, 130 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 50.37 | NRS/HADS | tDCS (M1): 7.43/tDCS (DLPFC): 7 tDCS (OIC): 6.71/sham: 7.49 |
tDCS (M1) (d): 21.28/tDCS (DLPFC) (d): 21.76 tDCS (OIC) (d): 22.12/sham (d): 20 |
| Forogh et al. (2021) | Iran | Fibromyalgia, 30/0 | RAN-PA-SB | 45.9 | VAS/DASS-21 | tDCS: 8.80/rTMS: 7.93 | tDCS (d): 25.87/rTMS (d): 23.33 tDCS (a): 22.13/rTMS (a): 16.53 |
| McPhee and Graven-Nielsen (2021a) | Denmark | Low back pain, 18/6 | RAN-CO-DB-SC | 28.6 | VAS/BDI | All: 3.0 | All (BDI): 8.7 |
| Gunduz et al. (2021) | USA | Neuropathic pain, 44/68 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 44.23 | VAS/BDI/BAI | tDCS + MT: 6.18/sham + MT: 6.03 | tDCS + MT (d): 8.17/sham + MT (d): 11.68 tDCS + MT (a): 10.51/sham + MT (a): 13.60 |
| Soler et al. (2021) | Spain | Neuropathic pain, 91/39 | RAN-PA-SB | 48.5 | NPSI/BPI/PHQ-9 | tDCS: 0.34/sham: 0.31 | tDCS (d): 7.05/sham (d): 6.22 |
| Shiasy et al. (2020) | Iran | Low back pain, 60 | RAN-PA-SB-SC | 32.65 | BPI/DASS | ABM + tDCS: 56.13/ABM + sham: 42.86 | ABM + tDCS (d): 7.21/ABM + sham (d): 8.61 ABM + tDCS (a): 6.14/ABM + sham (a): 5.69 |
| Young et al. (2020) | Australia | Neuropathic pain, 24/6 | RAN-PA-SB-SC | 50.53 | VAS/DASS | tDCS: 6.3/sham: 5 | tDCS (d): 6.9/sham (d): 12.8 tDCS (a): 7.9 /sham (a): 12.1 |
| Dutra et al. (2020) | Brazil | Primary dysmenorrhea, 24/0 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 23.55 | NRS/HAS | tDCS: 5.07/sham: 4.54 | tDCS (a): 19.46/sham (a): 19.45 |
| Pegado et al. (2020) | Brazil | Primary dysmenorrhea, 22/0 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 20.82 | NRS/HAMA | tDCS: 7.81/sham: 4.54 | tDCS (a): 21.9/sham (a): 19.4 |
| Divandari et al. (2019) | Iran | Chronic pelvic pain, 16 | RAN-CO-DB-SC | NA | VAS/BDI | tDCS: 6.12/sham: 4.93 | tDCS (d): 10.43/sham (d): 8.62 |
| Mariano et al. (2019) | USA | Low back pain, 18/3 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 63.08 | DVPRS/PASS-20 | tDCS: 5.4/sham: 5.5 | tDCS (d): 11/sham (d): 8.1 tDCS (a): 34.4/sham (a): 37.5 |
| Yoo et al. (2018) | USA | Fibromyalgia, 3/55 | RAN-PA-SB-SC | 46.53 | NRS/BDI | tDCS: 6.75/sham: 7.19 | tDCS (d): 21.75/sham (d): 19.9 |
| Ibrahim et al. (2018) | Egypt | Visceral pain, 27/13 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 57.87 | VAS/HAMD | tDCS: 6.5/sham: 6.85 | tDCS (d): 17/sham (d): 16.85 |
| Morin et al. (2017) | Canada | Vestibulodynia, 39 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 22 | NRS/BDI/PASS-20 | tDCS: 6.5/sham: 7 | tDCS (d): 7.1/sham (d): 6.2 tDCS (a): 42.7/sham (a): 33.9 |
| Mendonca et al. (2016) | Brazil | Fibromyalgia, 44/1 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 47.6 | VNS/BDI | tDCS + AE: 7.3/sham + AE: 6.8 | tDCS + AE (d): 20.8/sham + AE (d): 21.0 |
| Ayache et al. (2016) | France | Neuropathic pain, 13/3 | RAN-CO-DB-SC | 48.9 | VAS/HADS | tDCS: 51.2/sham: 52.1 | tDCS (d): 6.4/Sham (d): 6.3 tDCS (a): 7.7 /Sham (a): 8.1 |
| Fagerlund et al. (2015) | Norway | Fibromyalgia, 45/3 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 48.6 | NRS/HADS | tDCS: 4.93/sham: 5.31 | tDCS (d): 4.94/sham (d): 5.71 tDCS (a): 7.00/sham (a): 5.76 |
| Kim et al. (2013) | Korea | Neuropathic pain, 35/25 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 61.57 | VAS/BDI | tDCS (M1): 5.75/tDCS (DLPFC): 5.70/sham: 5.55 | tDCS (M1) (d): 10.60/tDCS (DLPFC) (d): 8.75/sham (d): 11.10 |
| Wrigley et al. (2013) | Australia | Neuropathic pain, 2/8 | RAN-CO-DB-SC | 56.1 | NRS/BDI | All: 5.6 | All (d): 8.4 |
| Mori et al. (2010) | Italy | Neuropathic pain, 11/8 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 44.8 | VAS/BDI | tDCS: 55.5/sham: 57.7 | tDCS (d): 11.1/Sham (d): 8.79 tDCS (a): 37.7/Sham (a): 38.7 |
| Fregni et al. (2006a) | USA | Neuropathic pain, 14/3 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 35.75 | VAS/BDI | tDCS: 6.2/sham: 6 | tDCS (d): 8.9/sham (d): 12.6 |
| Fregni et al. (2006b) | USA | Fibromyalgia, 32/0 | RAN-PA-DB-SC | 52.73 | VAS/BDI | tDCS (M1): 8.5/tDCS (DLPFC): 8/sham : 7.5 | tDCS (M1) (d): 19.9/tDCS (DLPFC) (d): 17.8/sham (d): 20.7 |
M, Male; F, Female; d, Depression; a, Anxiety; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; DVPRS: Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale; VNS, Visual Numeric Scale; NPSI, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory; BDI, Beck depression inventory; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; HAM-D, Hamilton rating scale for depression; HAM-A, Hamilton rating scale for anxiety; HAS, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item; PASS-20, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; RAN, randomized; CO, cross-over; PA, parallel; DB, double-blind; SB, single-blind; SC, sham-controlled; NA, not available.