Table 5.
Associations between recommendation and overall guidelines adherence over time and ASQ-3 outcomes over time among infants in the time use-diary sub-sample
| Number of times a recommendation or the overall guidelines is met across the three time points | Communication | Fine motor | Gross motor | Personal-social | Problem solving | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95%CI) | P value | B (95%CI) | P value | B (95%CI) | P value | B (95%CI) | P value | B (95%CI) | P value | B (95%CI) | P value | |
| Physical activity recommendation | ||||||||||||
| Tummy time [actual range: 0–3] | 0.28 (-1.42,1.98) | 0.744 | -0.03 (-2.10,2.04) | 0.978 | 2.28 (0.79,3.77) | 0.003 | -0.51 (-1.99,0.97) | 0.497 | 0.75 (-1.22,2.72) | 0.452 | 2.54 (-4.24,9.33) | 0.458 |
| Sedentary behaviour recommendations | ||||||||||||
| Screen time [actual range: 0–3] | 0.81 (-1.01,2.6) | 0.379 | 1.95 (-0.22,4.12) | 0.077 | 0.76 (-0.91,2.44) | 0.366 | 0.10 (-1.48,1.69) | 0.896 | 1.66 (-0.42,3.75) | 0.117 | 5.25 (-1.92,12.42) | 0.149 |
| Reading time [actual range:0–3] | -1.32 (-2.56,-0.09) | 0.036 | -0.03 (-1.57,1.51) | 0.972 | 0.60 (-0.56,1.77) | 0.306 | 0.40 (-0.70,1.51) | 0.468 | 1.01 (-0.46,2.48) | 0.175 | 0.47 (-4.61,5.55) | 0.855 |
| Restrained time bouts [actual range: 0–3] | -0.09 (-1.77,1.59) | 0.913 | 0.71 (-1.33,2.76) | 0.490 | 0.93 (-0.62,2.47) | 0.235 | 0.34 (-1.13,1.82) | 0.643 | 0.25 (-1.70,2.21) | 0.798 | 3.10 (-3.62,9.82) | 0.361 |
| Sedentary behaviour definition 1 [actual range:0–3] | -0.64 (-1.98,0.71) | 0.348 | 0.89 (-0.74,2.52) | 0.278 | 0.89 (-0.34,2.13) | 0.154 | 0.46 (-0.71,1.63) | 0.436 | 1.37 (-0.18,2.92) | 0.083 | 2.90 (-2.47,8.28) | 0.285 |
| Sedentary behaviour definition 2 [actual range:0–3] | -0.33 (-2.41,1.74) | 0.750 | 2.22 (-0.26,4.71) | 0.079 | 1.42 (-0.48,3.31) | 0.140 | 0.89 (-0.92,2.69) | 0.331 | 2.01 (-0.38,4.39) | 0.098 | 7.16 (-1.02,15.35) | 0.085 |
| Sleep recommendation | ||||||||||||
| Sleep time [range: 0–3] | -1.02 (-2.98,0.93) | 0.301 | 1.43 (-0.95,3.82) | 0.234 | -0.17 (-2.00,1.65) | 0.850 | 0.42 (-1.30,2.14) | 0.628 | -0.54 (-2.83,1.75) | 0.638 | 0.15 (-7.73,8.03) | 0.970 |
| Overall guidelines | ||||||||||||
| Physical activity + sedentary behaviour definition 1 + sleep [actual range: 0–3] | -0.70 (-3.03,1.62) | 0.550 | 2.84 (0.08,5.61) | 0.044 | 2.86 (0.79,4.93) | 0.007 | 0.84 (-1.17,2.85) | 0.410 | 3.22 (0.60,5.84) | 0.017 | 8.88 (-0.22,17.97) | 0.056 |
| Physical activity + sedentary behaviour definition 2 + sleep [actual range: 0–2] | -1.46 (-4.96,2.04) | 0.410 | 2.49 (-1.77,6.74) | 0.248 | 3.04 (-0.15,6.22) | 0.061 | 1.64 (-1.41,4.69) | 0.288 | 4.11 (0.11,8.10) | 0.044 | 9.04 (-4.94,23.03) | 0.202 |
| Total number of recommendations | ||||||||||||
| Physical activity + sedentary behaviour definition 1 + sleep [actual range: 1–8] | -0.48 (-1.43,0.47) | 0.319 | 0.80 (-0.36,1.96) | 0.174 | 1.16 (0.30,2.02) | 0.009 | 0.18 (-0.66,1.02) | 0.676 | 0.80 (-0.30,1.90) | 0.154 | 2.36 (-1.45,6.17) | 0.222 |
| Physical activity + sedentary behaviour definition 2 + sleep [actual range: 1–7] | -0.32 (-1.38,0.75) | 0.556 | 0.97 (-0.32,2.25) | 0.138 | 1.21 (0.26,2.17) | 0.013 | 0.14 (-0.80,1.08) | 0.768 | 0.60 (-0.63,1.83) | 0.332 | 2.77 (-1.45,6.98) | 0.195 |
Sedentary behaviour definition 1: screen time + reading time
Sedentary behaviour definition 2: screen time + reading time + restrained time bouts
Bold fonts indicate p < 0.05
Participants who had observations for all variables of interest were included in the analyses. In all models, time was included as a repeated and fixed effect and covariates (Baseline: infant sex, infant race/ethnicity, number of siblings, parental marital status, parental education, parental country of birth; Time varying: non-parental care time, parental age) were included as fixed effects
B Unstandardized beta coefficient, CI Confidence interval