Table 2.

Summary of meta-analysis comparisons and main results in weighted mean differences (WMD) and standardised mean differences (SMD)

	LAMA/LABA comparator	Characteristics		Weighted results		Standardized results
		Number of CT	N	MD	95% CI	MD	95% CI
ESWT	Placebo*	4	1730	31.75 s	16.03 s to 47.47 s	0.21	0.12 to 0.31
	Monotherapy	1	689	11.36%	− 0.03% to 22.74%	0.16	− 0.00 to 0.33
CWRCE	Placebo*	3	2466	72.45 s	46.77 s to 98.13 s	0.22	0.14 to 0.30
	Monotherapy	2	3398	24.23 s	− 0.86 s to 49.32 s	0.06	− 0.00 to 0.13
Tlim CWRT	Monotherapy*	1	38	43.80%	38.77% to 48.83%	5.42	3.99 to 6.86
6MWT	Placebo	1	125	11.87 m	− 9.32 m to 33.06 m	0.20	− 0.16 to 0.55
	Monotherapy*	4	634	9.77 m	1.22 m to 18.31 m	0.17	0.02 to 0.33
Steps/day	Placebo*	3	710	471.89 steps/day	206.08 steps/day to 737.71 steps/day	0.26	0.11 to 0.41
	Monotherapy**	3	521	398.48 steps/day	− 264.40 steps/day to 1061.36 steps/day	0.18	0.01 to 0.36
≥ 1.0–1.5 METs	Monotherapy*	2	315	− 9.93 min	− 17.91 min to − 1.95 min	− 0.30	− 0.53 to − 0.08
≥ 2.0 METs	Monotherapy*	3	645	5.59 min	2.13 min to 9.05 min	0.24	0.08 to 0.39
≥ 3.0 METs	Placebo***	2	612	7.73 min	3.07 min to 12.39 min	0.24	− 0.05 to 0.53
	Monotherapy*	2	315	2.60 min	0.74 min to 4.46 min	0.29	0.07 to 0.51
Energy expenditure	Placebo*	2	612	39.33 kcal/day	17.95 kcal/day to 60.71 kcal/day	0.28	0.12 to 0.44

^*Statistically significant differences, both in WMD and SMD. **Statistically significant differences in SMD. ***Statistically significant differences in WMD

CI confidence interval, CT clinical trial, CWRCE constant work rate cycle ergometry, ESWT endurance shuttle walk test, kcal kilocalories, LABA long-acting beta-2 agonists, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonists, m meters, MD mean difference, MET metabolic equivalent of task, min minutes, N number of patients, s seconds, SMD standardized mean difference, T_lim CWRT tolerance limit in constant work rate test, WMD weighted mean difference, 6MWT 6-min walking test