TABLE 1.
Baseline patient characteristics, presented for both the entire cohort and stratified by biologic treatment
| Entire cohort | Received biologic | p-value | ||
| No | Yes | |||
| Patients | 1140 | 213 | 927 | |
| Age at first assessment (years) | 50.6±14.6 | 48.2±14.7 | 51.1±14.5 | 0.010 |
| Age of onset (years) | 25.4±19.3 | 25.2±19.2 | 25.5±19.3 | 0.847 |
| Gender | 0.163 | |||
| Female | 696 (61.1) | 139 (65.3) | 557 (60.1) | |
| Male | 444 (38.9) | 74 (34.7) | 370 (39.9) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.002 | |||
| Caucasian | 913 (80.4) | 155 (72.8) | 758 (82.1) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 223 (19.6) | 58 (27.2) | 165 (17.9) | |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 30.7±7.1 | 30.9±7.7 | 30.7±6.9 | 0.725 |
| Smoking status | 0.004 | |||
| Never-smoker | 756 (67.7) | 132 (62.6) | 624 (69.0) | |
| Ex-smoker | 321 (28.8) | 64 (30.3) | 257 (28.4) | |
| Current smoker | 39 (3.5) | 15 (7.1) | 24 (2.7) | |
| Atopic disease | 628 (55.7) | 123 (58.3) | 505 (55.1) | 0.404 |
| FEV1 (L) | 2.00±0.78 | 2.00±0.73 | 2.00±0.79 | 0.944 |
| FEV1 (% pred) | 66.6±21.0 | 68.3±20.9 | 66.2±21.0 | 0.190 |
| FVC (L) | 3.15±1.02 | 3.02±0.99 | 3.18±1.02 | 0.034 |
| FVC (% pred) | 84.3±18.9 | 83.5±18.8 | 84.5±18.9 | 0.497 |
| FEV1/FVC | 63.7±18.5 | 66.5±12.4 | 63.1±19.5 | 0.017 |
| ACQ-6 score | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.8) | 0.702 |
| Uncontrolled asthma (ACQ-6 >1.5) | 811 (82.2) | 161 (82.6) | 650 (82.1) | 0.872 |
| EuroQoL utility | 0.73 (0.48–0.88) | 0.73 (0.56–0.86) | 0.73 (0.45–0.88) | 0.674 |
| Exacerbations (prior year) (n) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (2–6) | 5 (3–8) | <0.001 |
| Any ED attendance (prior year) | 435 (38.9) | 98 (47.1) | 337 (37.0) | 0.007 |
| Any hospital admission (prior year) | 437 (38.8) | 79 (37.4) | 358 (39.1) | 0.659 |
| Invasive ventilation (ever) | 117 (10.5) | 18 (8.7) | 99 (10.9) | 0.345 |
| Eczema | 27 (2.4) | 3 (1.4) | 24 (2.6) | 0.307 |
| Nasal polyps | 211 (18.5) | 27 (12.7) | 184 (19.8) | 0.015 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 207 (18.2) | 43 (20.2) | 164 (17.7) | 0.394 |
| Depression or anxiety | 109 (9.6) | 23 (10.8) | 86 (9.3) | 0.496 |
| Blood eosinophil count (×109 L−1) | 0.40 (0.20–0.60) | 0.30 (0.18–0.50) | 0.40 (0.20–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Highest blood eosinophil count (×109 L−1) | 0.68 (0.40–1.05) | 0.55 (0.30–0.90) | 0.70 (0.46–1.10) | <0.001 |
| FENO (ppb) | 41 (22–73) | 36 (19–62) | 42 (24–75) | 0.007 |
| IgE (IU·mL−1) | 154 (53–438) | 147 (51–501) | 155 (53–420) | 0.866 |
| mOCS | 639 (56.3) | 81 (38.2) | 558 (60.5) | <0.001 |
| mOCS dose (prednisolone-equivalent mg) | 10 (8–15) | 10 (5–15) | 10 (8–15) | 0.049 |
| ICS dose (BDP-equivalent µg) | 2000 (1600–2000) | 2000 (1600–2000) | 2000 (1600–2000) | 0.005 |
| LAMA | 646 (57.4) | 104 (49.3) | 542 (59.2) | 0.008 |
| Theophylline | 279 (24.7) | 38 (18.0) | 241 (26.2) | 0.013 |
| LTRA | 568 (51.2) | 120 (58.5) | 448 (49.5) | 0.019 |
| Maintenance macrolides | 82 (7.4) | 10 (4.9) | 72 (7.9) | 0.128 |
| Nebuliser | 232 (20.7) | 38 (18.3) | 194 (21.3) | 0.335 |
| Biologic therapy | 927 (81.3) | 0 (0.0) | 927 (100.0) | |
| Biologic therapy medication | ||||
| Mepolizumab | 591 (65.7) | 0 (0.0) | 591 (65.7) | |
| Benralizumab | 177 (19.7) | 0 (0.0) | 177 (19.7) | |
| Omalizumab | 130 (14.4) | 0 (0.0) | 130 (14.4) | |
| Dupilumab | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | |
Data are presented as n, mean±sd, median (interquartile range) or n (%), unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; ACQ-6: Asthma Control Questionnaire-6; ED: emergency department; FENO: exhaled nitric oxide fraction; mOCS: maintenance oral corticosteroids; ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; BDP: beclometasone dipropionate; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonists; LTRA: leukotriene receptor antagonists.