Table 3.
Multivariable models of factors potentially associated with Long COVID.
| Model 1 N = 1024 |
Model 2 N = 1021 |
Model 3 N = 905 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95%CI) |
p-value | OR (95%CI) |
p-value | OR (95%CI) |
p-value |
| Age | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.66 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.14 |
| Wave | ||||||
| Initial | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Alpha | 0.44 (0.17, 1.10) | 0.08 | 0.64 (0.23, 1.77) | 0.39 | 1.20 (0.37, 3.90) | 0.76 |
| Delta | 0.33 (0.21, 0.53) | <.001 | 0.48 (0.22, 1.06) | 0.07 | 0.57 (0.21, 1.50) | 0.25 |
| Omicron | 0.17 (0.11, 0.26) | <.001 | 0.25 (0.12, 0.54) | <.001 | 0.37 (0.15, 0.90) | 0.04 |
| Number of initial symptoms (per symptom) | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | <.001 | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | <.001 | 1.30 (1.20, 1.40) | <.001 |
| Female sex | 1.24 (0.88, 1.77) | 0.22 | 1.16 (0.80, 1.66) | 0.44 | 0.86 (0.57, 1.29) | 0.47 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 0.58 (0.27, 1.25) | 0.16 | 0.63 (0.29, 1.37) | 0.24 | 0.57 (0.23, 1.39) | 0.21 |
| Stroke | 0.82 (0.30, 2.19) | 0.69 | 0.96 (0.34, 2.68) | 0.94 | 1.46 (0.47, 4.52) | 0.51 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 0.51 (0.26, 1.01) | 0.05 | 0.47 (0.23, 0.96) | 0.04 | 0.61 (0.28, 1.31) | 0.20 |
| Sleep apnea | 1.00 (0.63, 1.58) | 0.99 | 1.07 (0.67, 1.70) | 0.79 | 1.14 (0.68, 1.89) | 0.63 |
| COPD or Asthma | 0.79 (0.17, 3.68) | 0.76 | 0.87 (0.18, 4.14) | 0.86 | 0.89 (0.17, 4.80) | 0.89 |
| Immunodeficiency | 0.54 (0.27, 1.07) | 0.08 | 0.51 (0.25, 1.03) | 0.06 | 0.57 (0.26, 1.28) | 0.18 |
| Vaccination before COVID-19 | N/A | N/A | 0.85 (0.49, 1.49) | 0.57 | 0.81 (0.44, 1.49) | 0.50 |
| Vaccination after COVID-19 | N/A | N/A | 1.41 (0.65, 3.06) | 0.39 | 1.57 (0.60, 4.13) | 0.36 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | N/A | N/A | 1.70 (1.02, 2.83) | 0.04 | 1.73 (0.95, 3.14) | 0.07 |
| Subjective socioeconomic status (per unit higher) | N/A | N/A | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | <.001 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.12 |
| Highest education | N/A | N/A | ||||
| No high school | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| High school graduate | N/A | N/A | 0.72 (0.12, 4.40) | 0.72 | 0.69 (0.08, 6.03) | 0.74 |
| College degree | N/A | N/A | 0.84 (0.22, 3.25) | 0.80 | 1.17 (0.23, 5.97) | 0.85 |
| Graduate degree | N/A | N/A | 0.73 (0.19, 2.86) | 0.65 | 0.99 (0.19, 5.12) | 0.99 |
| Other | N/A | N/A | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Healthcare worker | N/A | N/A | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.28 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.25 |
| Pre-COVID-19 Depressive Symptoms | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 0.03 |
| Pre-COVID-19 Anxiety Symptoms | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.25 |
| Pre-COVID-19 financial insecurity | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.64 (1.02, 2.63) | 0.04 |
Model 1 includes age, COVID-19 wave, number of initial symptoms, sex, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, sleep apnea, COPD or asthma, immunodeficiency. Model 2 includes Model 1 factors, plus receipt of COVID-19 vaccination before or after COVID-19 diagnosis, ethnicity, subjective socioeconomic status, highest level of education, and primary employment. Model 3 includes Model 2 factors, plus pre-COVID-19 depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and financial insecurity.