Figure 6. Antigen-specific humoral immunity induced in MVA-S– or MVA-ST–vaccinated hamsters.

Syrian hamsters (n = 7–8) were i.m. vaccinated twice (21-day interval) with 1 × 10⁸ PFU of MVA-S (n = 8), MVA-ST (n = 7), or MVA (n = 15) as controls. Sera were collected on days 0, 21, and 42 and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 S–binding antibodies in ELISAs targeting SARS-CoV-2 BavPat1 with (A) S-specific and (B) S1-specific IgG antibodies. SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (C) BavPat1, (D) Delta, and (E) Omicron variants were analyzed by PRNT₅₀. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 by Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. LOD, limit of detection.