Table 1.
Basic characteristics of included studies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
| Author, Year | Region | Design | Group (VD/placebo) |
VD dose | Evaluation time | Outcomes* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Sample size
|
Age (years)
|
BMI
|
CS
|
GOLD stages
|
FEV1/FVC baseline
|
Baseline VD, ng/ml (m ± SD)
|
VD, ng/ml (m±SD) at EOT
|
|
|
|
|||
| Rafiq, 2022 [42] |
Netherlands |
RCT |
74/81 |
65 ± 9/67 ± 9 |
28.1 ± 5.1/27.4 ± 5.4 |
25/23 |
I |
5.3/6.2 |
45 ± 12/43 ± 14 |
38 ± 15/40 ± 17 |
|
16 800 IU once a week for 1 y |
12 mo |
1 |
||
| II |
44/42 |
|||||||||||||||
| III |
41.3/37 |
|||||||||||||||
| IV |
9.3/14.8 |
|||||||||||||||
| Dastan, 2019 [13] |
Iran |
RCT |
33/34 |
64.42 ± 7.58/63.24 ± 8.41 |
21.03 ± 1.97/20.27 ± 1.67 |
6/9 |
II |
15/16 |
|
10.59 ± 3.90/11.25 ± 3.09 |
18.17 ± 4.24/11.35 ± 3.16 |
300 000 IU single injection |
6 d, 30 d |
5,8,9,10 |
||
| III |
12/13 |
|||||||||||||||
| IV |
6/5 |
|||||||||||||||
| Alavi Foumani, 2019 [14] |
Iran |
RCT |
32/31 |
67.9 ± 7.9/68.4 ± 7.8 |
24.33 ± 2.13/24.55 ± 1.94 |
|
|
|
|
57.43 ± 12.09/58.9 ± 9.56 |
19.33 ± 5.18/18.55 ± 4.58 |
51.83 ± 7.93/19.43 ± 5.22 |
50 000 IU once a week for 8 weeks, then once a month for 4 mo |
2 mo, 6 mo |
1,3,4 |
|
| Pourrashid, 2018 [15] |
Iran |
RCT |
30/32 |
62.7 ± 8.26/64.0 ± 8.77 |
22.99 ± 1.69/22.90 ± 1.97 |
7/7 |
II |
13/16 |
|
10.82 ± 3.73/11.01 ± 2.99 |
36.85 ± 11.80/12.30 ± 3.66 |
300 000 IU single injection |
30 d, 4 mo |
5,6,8,9 |
||
| III |
11/12 |
|||||||||||||||
| IV |
5/5 |
|||||||||||||||
| Rafiq, 2017 [16] |
Netherlands |
RCT |
24/26 |
64/61 |
29.6 ± 6.7/26.4 ± 5.1 |
18/18 |
I |
6/4 |
48.76 ± 15.01/48.46 ± 12.51 |
16.95 ± 6.09/16.27 ± 6.81 |
38.45/21.2 |
1200 IU daily for 6 mo |
3 mo, 6 mo |
3,4 |
||
| II |
8/14 |
|||||||||||||||
| III |
8/5 |
|||||||||||||||
| IV |
2/3 |
|||||||||||||||
| Khan, 2017 [17] |
Pakistan |
RCT |
60/60 |
46.28 ± 8.83 |
22.57 ± 1.72 |
|
|
|
|
|
24.08 ± 2.58 |
29.6 ± 8.74 |
2000 IU daily for 6 mo |
2 mo, 4 mo, 6 mo |
1 |
|
| Sanjari, 2016 [19] | Iran |
RCT |
39/42 |
55.8 ± 9.5/58.4 ± 9.5 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
23.6 ± 10.82/24 ± 10.42 |
39.14 ± 20.91/26.12 ± 15.71 |
50 000 IU VD daily for seven days |
8 d | 3,4 |
|
|
|
Iran |
RCT |
39/42 |
55.6 ± 10.4/58.4 ± 9.5 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
22 ± 13.98/24 ± 10.42 |
22.88 ± 17.79/26.12 ± 15.71 |
100 IU calcitriol daily for 7 d |
|
||
| Zendedel, 2015 [18] |
Iran |
RCT |
44/44 |
<45 (4.5%)/43 (97.7%) |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
- |
- |
100 000 IU per month, for 6 mo |
6 mo |
3 |
|
| Martineau, 2015 [20] |
UK |
RCT |
122/118 |
64.8 ± 7.9/64.5 ± 9.2 |
27.9 ± 6.1/27.2 ± 6.7 |
56/42 |
I |
32/39 |
|
18.19 ± 11.18/18.71 ± 9.33 |
27 ± 11.02/18.87 ± 10.78 |
2-moly 120 000 IU for a year |
12 mo |
1,3,6,9,10 |
||
| II |
57/56 |
|||||||||||||||
| III |
25/27 |
|||||||||||||||
| IV |
8/6 |
|||||||||||||||
| Bjerk, 2013 [21] |
USA |
RCT |
18/18 |
67.6 ± 7/68 ± 8 |
- |
7/11 |
|
|
|
61 ± 13/56 ± 17 |
22.6 ± 10.5/24.4 ± 10.5 |
32.6 ± 8.2/22.1 ± 10.1 |
2000 IU daily for 6 weeks |
6 weeks |
6 |
|
| Lehouck, 2012 [22] | Belgium | RCT | 91/91 | 68 ± 9/68 ± 8 | 25 ± 5/24 ± 5 | 13/19 | II |
25/24 |
20 ± 12/20 ± 11 | 52 ± 16/22 ± 13 | 100 000 IU every 4 weeks for 1 y. | 12 mo | 1,9 | |||
| III |
43/48 |
|||||||||||||||
| IV |
23/19 |
|||||||||||||||
CS – current smoker, BMI – body mass index, VD – vitamin D, RCT – randomized controlled trial, EOT – end of treatment, COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, m ± SD – mean ± standard deviation, d – day, mo – month, y – year
*1 – exacerbations for COPD, 2 – exacerbations for asthma, 3 – FEV 1, 4 – FEV1/FVC, 5 – mMRC scores, 6 – SGRQ scores, 7 – ACT/CACT scores, 8 – length of hospital stay, 9 – mortality, 10 – cytokines, 11 – IgE, 12 – eosinophils.