Table 2.
Basic characteristics of included studies for asthma
| Author, year | Region | Design | Group (VD/placebo) |
VD dose | Evaluation time | Outcomes* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Sample size
|
Ages
|
BMI
|
SE
|
ACT/ CACT score
|
FEV1/FVC baseline
|
Baseline VD, ng/ml (m ± SD)
|
VD, ng/ml (m ± SD) at EOT
|
|
|
|
| Thakur, 2021 [23] |
India |
RCT |
28/28 |
9 ± 1.7/8.7 ± 1.6 |
-0.90/-0.83 (z score) |
|
18 ± 2.9/15.5 ± 2.7 |
|
15.8 ± 8.2/16.5 ± 9.9 |
35.47 ± 10.0/18.78 ± 6.6 |
2000 IU daily for 10 d |
3 mo |
2,3 |
| Jat, 2020 [24] |
India |
RCT |
125/125 |
8.2 ± 2.3/7.8 ± 2.2 |
|
24/21 |
21.7 ± 4.2/21.9 ± 3.6 |
98.5 ± 10.9/99.3 ± 10.1 |
11.6 ± 4.6/10.8 ± 4.4 |
18.1 ± 7.1/12.0 ± 6.0 |
1000 IU daily for 9 mo |
9 mo |
2,3,4,7 |
| Forno, 2020 [25] |
USA |
RCT |
96/96 |
9.9 ± 2.5/9.7 ± 2.5 |
0.9 ± 1.1/0.9 ± 1.3 (z score) |
25/22 |
22.0 ± 3.2/21.3 ± 3.6 |
91.5 ± 9.3/89.6 ± 10.1 |
22.5 ± 4.6/22.8 ± 4.6 |
49.4/24.6 |
4000 IU daily for 48 weeks |
48 weeks |
2 |
| Andujar-E, 2020 [26] |
Spain |
RCT |
53/53 |
54.57 ± 15.83/56.61 ± 15.00 |
28.21 ± 5.23/29.83 ± 7.41 |
3/4 |
17.71 ± 4.54/19.02 ± 4.59 |
76.99 ± 7.84/78.40 ± 7.73 |
16.71 ± 6.71/17.48 ± 5.72 |
58.72 ± 28.69/17.38 ± 6.83 |
16 000 IU per week for 6 mo |
6 mo |
2,3,4,11 |
| Shabana, 2019 [27] |
Egypt |
RCT |
42/37 |
34.00 ± 7.40/35.50 ± 7.00 |
25.15 ± 5.75/26.68 ± 2.82 |
0/0 |
|
63.21 ± 10.95/64.41 ± 7.90 |
17.56 ± 2.74/18.16 ± 2.89 |
25.00 ± 2.87/17.97 ± 3.21 |
single dose of 300 000 IU |
3 mo |
3,4,10 |
| Dodamani, 2018 [28] |
India |
RCT |
15/15 |
33 ± 12.5/32 ± 12.2 |
|
|
|
69.7 ± 10.7/66.3 ± 13.8 |
22.68 ± 10.27/19.83 ± 10.49 |
38.7 ± 12.5/34.6 ± 24 |
60 000 IU once weekly for 8 weeks |
2 mo, 4 mo, 6 mo |
2,10 |
| Ramos-M, 2018 [29] |
Mexico |
RCT |
43/43 |
41 ± 11/42 ± 15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 IU daily for 6 mo |
6 mo |
10,11,12 |
| Ali, 2017 [30] |
Egypt |
RCT |
32/28 |
43/48 (median) |
30.07/34.1 (median) |
|
|
82/85 (median) |
21.18 ± 10.33/23.8 ± 12.8 |
22.6/16.3 (median) |
400 IU daily for 4 mo |
4 mo |
3,4 |
| Tachimoto, 2016 [31] |
Japan |
RCT |
54/35 |
10.0 ± 2.4/9.8 ± 2.2 |
17.6 ± 2.6/17.4 ± 2.9 |
|
23 (23-25)/24.5 (24-25) 25 (23-27)/26 (25-27) |
88 (84-91)/86 (82-91) |
28.17 ± 7.63/29.67 ± 7.73 |
|
800 IU daily |
2 mo |
2,7 |
| Kerley, 2016 [32] |
Ireland |
RCT |
17/22 |
10 (6-12)/7 (7-10) |
19.6 (17-22)/18.2 (16-20) |
|
19 (17-21)/17 (14.3-19) |
96 (88-99)/94 (89-97) |
22.17 ± 9.71/20.57 ± 7.93 |
39.86/20.63 |
2000 IU daily |
15 weeks |
3,4,7 |
| Jensen, 2016 [33] |
Canada |
RCT |
11/11 |
2.2 (1.9-3.5)/3.1 (2.1-3.9) |
|
|
|
|
26.04 ± 4/24.04 ± 4.41 |
40.06 ± 5.21/32.85 ± 4 |
100 000 IU followed by 400 IU VD3 daily for 6 mo |
6 mo |
2 |
| Martineau, 2015 [34] |
UK |
RCT |
125/125 |
49.4 ± 14.8/46.4 ± 13.8 |
|
8/9 |
19.2 ± 3.9/18.9 ± 3.9 |
|
19.95 ± 10.1/19.79 ± 9.7 |
27.8 ± 8.41/18.63 ± 9.86 |
2-moly doses of 120 000 IU |
12 mo |
2,3 |
| de Groot, 2015 [35] |
Netherlands |
RCT |
22/22 |
59.0 ± 9.7/53.6 ± 16.7 |
26.6 ± 4.2/26.9 ± 4.8 |
|
|
92.5 ± 11.4/89.4 ± 12.8 |
24.71 ± 9.84/22.3 ± 9.52 |
91/48 |
single dose of 400 000 IU |
9 weeks |
3,4,12 |
| Bar Yoseph, 2014 [36] |
Israel |
RCT |
19/19 |
13.5 ± 3.6/12.4 ± 3.6 |
19.38 ± 3.29/21.53 ± 3.79 |
7/12 |
|
|
20.8 ± 6.5/20.0 ± 7.1 |
33.1 ± 7.9/20.0 ± 7.1 |
14 000 IU weekly |
6 weeks |
10,11,12 |
| Castro, 2014 [38] |
USA |
RCT |
201/207 |
39.9 ± 13.1/39.5 ± 12.7 |
32.00 ± 8.19/31.53 ± 9.51 |
|
19.0 (17.0-22.0)/20.0 (17.0-22.0) |
|
19.8 ± 7.84/18.63 ± 7.69 |
|
100 000 IU once, then 4000 IU/d for 28 weeks |
28 weeks |
2 |
| Arshi, 2014 [39] |
Iran |
RCT |
64/66 |
24.40 (10.5-49.0)/28.64 (10.0-49.1) mean (range) |
23.04 (16.5-35.5)/24.09 (15.64-38.0) mean (range) |
|
|
75.8 ± 2.25/75.91 ± 3 |
23.82 ± 16.33/24.02 ± 16.45 |
91.57/23.43 |
100 000 IU, followed by 50 000 IU weekly |
24 weeks |
2,3,4 |
| Yadav, 2014 [37] |
India |
RCT |
50/50 |
9.15 ± 2.444/10.00 ± 1.876 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 000 IU per month for 6 mo |
6 mo |
2 |
| Majak, 2011 [40] |
Poland |
RCT |
24/24 |
10.8 ± 3.2/11.1 ± 3.3 |
18.5 ± 4.7/18.8 ± 3.5 |
|
|
|
36.1 ± 13.9/35.1 ± 16.9 |
37.6 ± 13.1/31.9 ± 12.1 |
500 IU daily |
6 mo |
2,3 |
| Majak, 2009 [41] | Poland | RCT | 18/18 | <12 | 32.0 ± 3.1/31.3 ± 3.4 | 32.7 ± 2.5/30.3 ± 2.9 | 1000 IU daily | 12 mo | 3 | ||||
SE – smoke exposure, BMI – body mass index, VD – vitamin D, RCT – randomized controlled trial, ACT/CACT – asthma control test/child asthma control test, EOT – end of treatment, m ± SD – mean ± standard deviation, mo – month
*1 – exacerbations for COPD, 2 – exacerbations for asthma, 3 – FEV1, 4 – FEV1/FVC, 5 – mMRC scores, 6 – SGRQ scores, 7 – ACT/CACT scores, 8 – length of hospital stay, 9 – mortality, 10 – cytokines, 11 – IgE, 12 – eosinophils.