Table 3.

Stimulation of Autophagy Was Induced by Numerous Small Molecules and Previously FDA-Approved Drugs in Various Models of HD and PD

compd	ND model	model system	FDA-approved	other purpose	putative target/mechanism	ref
5	HD	Mammalian cell models	Y	antipsychotic	Inhibits dopaminergic D2 receptor	57
6	HD		Y		Blocking adrenergic and dopaminergic neural transmission (23); inhibit excitotoxicity of glutamate (25)	57
7	HD		Y		Aminergic receptors	57
8	HD		Y	Cardiac indications	Inhibitors of intracellular Ca2+ current	57
9	HD		Y			57
10	HD		Y
11	HD, PD		Y	Diarrhea	μ-Opioid receptor agonist; blocks Ca2+ channels in vitro cellular experiments (27, 28)	55, 57
12	HD		N	Neurotoxin	Irreversible blocker of Ca2+-activated K+ channel	57
13	HD, PD		Y	Hypertension	L-type Ca2+-channel antagonist	55
14	HD, PD		Y	Hypertension	L-type Ca2+-channel antagonist	55
15	HD, PD		Y	Sedative, hypertension	α2-adrenergic and ILR receptor agonist	55
16	HD, PD		Y	Vasodilator	ATP-sensitive K+ channel agonist	55
17	HD, PD	Yeast, mammalian cells, Drosophila	na			47
18	HD, PD		na			47
19	HD, PD		na			47
20	PD	Mammalian cells	na			104