Table 2. Studies reporting on the prevalence and incidence of depression in epilepsy (n = 43).
| Author, year (country, region) | Sample (n) | Case (n) |
Age (year) |
Female (n) |
Diagnostic criteria epilepsy | Diagnostic criteria depression | Years of data collection | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adewuya 2005 Nigeria [12] |
102 | 29 | 12–18 | 37 | NR | DSM-Ⅳ | NR | 28.43% |
| Alsaadi 2015 United Arab Emirates [13] |
186 | 50 | 18–65 | 105 | NR | PHQ-9 | 2014.9–2015.1 | 26.88% |
| Baker 2001 UK [14] |
669 | 163 | NR | 345 | Physician diagnosis | HAD | NR | 24.36% |
| Bautista 2013 USA [15] |
200 | 71 | ≥18 | 156 | NR | NIDDI-E | 2012.6–2012.8 |
35.50% |
| Bosak 2015 Poland [16] |
289 | 84 | NR | 49 | NR | BDI | NR | 29.06% |
| Canuet 2009 Japan [17] |
114 | 51 | 18–80 | 49 | Imaging | BDI-II | 2006.6–2008.5 | 44.73% |
| Chaka 2018 Ethiopia [18] |
422 | 185 | ≥18 | 173 | NR | PHQ-9 | 2015.4–2015.5 | 43.83% |
| Cianchetti 2018 Italy [19] |
326 | 30 | 8–18 | 171 | NR | SAFA-D | NR | 9.20% |
| Cramer 2003 USA [20] |
683 | 240 | NR | NR | NR | CES-D | 2001.1 | 35.13% |
| Cramer 2004 USA [21] |
649 | 206 | ≥18 | NR | Seizure Severity Scale and QOLIE-89 | CES-D | 2001.1 | 31.74% |
| Cramer 2005 USA [22] |
201 | 74 | 19–75 | 113 | QOLIE10 | HADS | NR | 36.81% |
| Di 2012 Spanish [23] |
121 | 25 | ≥18 | 80 | Imaging | MINI | NR | 20.66% |
| Espinosa 2016 Colombia [24] |
220 | 86 | 18–79 | 106 | ILAE 2014 | NDDI-E | 2014.9–2015.3 | 39.09% |
| Ettinger 2004 USA [25] |
775 | 283 | >18 | 365 | Self-reported prior diagnosis of epilepsy | CES-D | 2001.1–2002.4 | 36.51% |
| Fuller-Thomson 2009 Canada [26] | 781 | 110 | ≥12 | 401 | A health professional | CIDI-SF | 2000–2001 | 14.08% |
| Gaitatzis 2004 UK [27] | 5834 | 1063 | ≥16 | NR | ICD-9 | NR | 1995.1.1–1998.12.31 | 18.22% |
| Han 2015 Korea [28] | 391 | 267 | 18–79 | 187 | NR | BDI | NR | 68.28% |
| Jo 2020 Korea [29] | 126 | 38 | >18 | 62 | ILAE 2014 | PHQ-9 | 2018.10–2018.12 | 30.15% |
| Kui 2014 China [30] | 215 | 65 | ≥18 | 84 | ILAE | DSM-Ⅳ | NR | 30.23% |
| Kwan 2009 China [31] | 247 | 94 | 18–76 | 133 | NR | HADS | 2007.3–2007.6 | 38.05% |
| Lee 2018 Korea [32] | 141 | 60 | >18 | 68 | ILAE 2014 | HADS | NR | 42.55% |
| Li 2019 China [33] | 461 | 138 | ≥18 | 248 | ILAE | CNDDI-E | 2017.1–2017.11 | 29.93% |
| Lopez-Gomez 2005 Mexico [34] | 241 | 103 | NR | 116 | ILAE | BDI | 2002.3–2003.3 | 42.73% |
| Mensah 2006 UK [35] | 499 | 139 | 18–78 | 252 | NR | HADS | NR | 27.85% |
| Milovanović 2014 Serbia [36] | 203 | 67 | 18–65 | 118 | ILAE 2001 | BDI-II | NR | 33.00% |
| Mori 2014 Japan [37] | 463 | 85 | ≥16 | 247 | NR | IDS-SR | 2009.10.2–2011.4.1 | 18.35% |
| Ottman 2011 USA [38] | 3488 | 1134 | ≥18 | 2125 | NR | NR | 2008.1–2008.4 | 32.51% |
| Peterson 2014 Australia [39] |
279 | 80 | ≥18 | 165 | NR | HADS | NNR | 28.67% |
| Pompili 2007 Italy [40] | 103 | 43 | 19–78 | 72 | NR | BDI | NR | 41.74% |
| Rashid 2021 India [41] | 449 | 180 | 18–75 | 219 | ILAE | MINI | 2018.1–2020.3 | 40.08% |
| Ridsdale 2017 UK [42] | 403 | 113 | 16–85 | 219 | QOLIE-31 | HADS | NR | 28.03% |
| Silagadze 2019 Georgia [43] |
130 | 31 | 18–56 | 68 | NDDI-E ILAE | ICD-10 | NR | 23.84% |
| Somayajula 2015 India [44] |
165 | 27 | >16 | 62 | ILAE | ICD-10 | 2011.5–20014.4 | 16.36% |
| Stefanello 2011 Brazil [45] |
153 | 32 | ≥13 | NR | ILAE | HAD | 2006.5–2007.12 | 20.91% |
| Tegegne 2015 Ethiopia [46] |
415 | 136 | ≥18 | 186 | NR | HADS | 2013.4–2013.5 | 32.77% |
| Tellez-Zenteno 2007 Canada [47] | 253 | 44 | ≥15 | NR | An interviewer asking directly | DSM-IV | 2002.5–2002.12 | 17.39% |
| Tsegabrhan 2014 Ethiopia [48] |
300 | 148 | >18 | 117 | NR | BDI-II | 2012.8–2012.10 | 49.33% |
| Viguera 2018 USA [49] | 1763 | 584 | ≥18 | 952 | ICD-9-CM | PHQ-9 | 2007.10.1–20128.13 | 33.12% |
| Wang 2018 China [50] | 458 | 241 | ≥18 | 100 | NR | C-NDDI-E | NR | 52.62% |
| Yildirim 2018 Turkey [51] | 302 | 139 | 15–73 | 170 | NR | BDI | NR | 46.02% |
| Zeber 2007 USA [52] | 13699 | 2961 | ≥18 | 503 | ICD-9 | ICD-9 | 1996.10.1–1999.9.30 | 21.61% |
| Zhao 2012 China [53] | 140 | 36 | 15–71 | 70 | ILAE 1989 | HAMD | 2007.8–2008.2 | 25.71% |
| Zheng 2019 China [54] | 184 | 36 | ≥18 | 84 | ILAE 2001 | BDI | 2014.6–2016.1 | 19.56% |
Abbreviation: ILAE = International League Against Epilepsy; QOLIE = the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PHQ = the patient health questionnaire; CES-D = the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CIDI-SF = Composite International Diagnostic Interview short‐form; NDDI-E = Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy; CNDDI-E = Chinese version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy; IDS-SR = the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report.