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. 2022 Dec 15;12:21723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26157-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The inhibitory effect of H. perforatum, Echinacea, and the H. perforatum-Echinacea mixture on RNA levels of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells was evaluated by qRT-PCR. The three experimental designs as: Post Treatment of Virus-infected Cells (A), Pre-treatment of Cells Prior to Virus Infection (B), and Virucidal (C) assays. The viral inhibition percentage of H. perforatum was 18, 30, and 36% up to 36 h in (A–C) respectively, while it was 7, 24, and 32% for the H. perforatum-Echinacea mixture, and it showed the least inhibition percentage with Echinacea up to 24 h. The inhibitory effect was representatives of two independent experiments performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis showed that differences were significant with p < 0.05 and p < 0.005 (one- & two-way ANOVA).