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. 2022 Dec 15;12:21723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26157-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of H. perforatum, Echinacea, and H. perforatum-Echinacea mixture on viral load of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells was evaluated by qRT-PCR. The three experimental designs: post treatment of virus-infected cells (A), pre-treatment of cells prior to virus infection (B), and virucidal (C) assays. Comparing to the viral control, the viral load of H. perforatum was less than 25,000 PFU/mL up to 48 h in (A) and almost zero in (B) and (C), while it was less than 50,000 PFU/mL for the H. perforatum-Echinacea mixture, and it showed the most viral load with Echinacea up to 36 h. The viral load was representatives of two independent experiments performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis showed that differences were significant with p < 0.005 (one- & two-way ANOVA), PC is a positive virus control where no treatment is applied.