Appendix 1—table 1. The designed and planted occurrence times of each seed family per species in the four diversity treatment combinations.

1.1: species diversity = 1, genetic diversity = 1; 1.4: species diversity = 1, genetic diversity = 4; 4.1: species diversity = 4, genetic diversity = 1; 4.4: species diversity = 4, genetic diversity = 4. ‘SP’ is the species name and ‘SF’ is the tag of seed family.The experiment was designed to use eight seed families per species, but additional or repeated seed families were used to complement the lack of enough individuals in some seed families. The numbers in brackets indicate the seed family tags that were used to complement. AlFo (A): Alniphyllum fortune’, CiCa (B): Cinnamomum camphora; DaOl (C): Daphniphyllum oldhamii; IdPo (D): Idesia polycarpa. ‘x’ represents the number of individuals per subplot, and the number of the ‘x’ represents the number of subplots.

Tree diversity		1.1 (x = 100)	1.4 (x = 25)	4.1 (x = 100)	4.4 (x = 25)
SP	SF	Tree individuals	Tree individuals	Tree individuals	Tree individuals
AlFo	1	x	x	x	x + x + x
(A)	2	x	x	x	x + x + x
	3	x	x(1)	x	x + x + x
	4	x	x	x	x + x + x
	5	x	x(2)	x	x + x + x
	6	x	x(4)	x	x + x + x(9)
	7	x	x	x	x + x + x
	8	x	x(7)	x	x + x + x
CiCa	1	x	x	x	x + x + x
(B)	2	x	x	x	x + x + x
	3	x	x	x(6)	x + x + x
	4	x	x	x(6/9)	x + x + x
	5	x	x	x	x + x + x(3)
	6	x	x	x	x + x + x
	7	x	x	x	x + x + x
	8	x	x	x	x + x + x
DaOl	1	x	x	x	x + x + x
(C)	2	x	x	x(7)	x + x + x
	3	x	x	x(7)	x(11) + x(11) + x(9)
	4	x	x	x	x + x(10) + x(12)
	5	x	x	x	x + x + x(13)
	6	x	x	x	x + x + x
	7	x	x	x	x + x + x(14)
	8	x	x	x(8/9)	x + x + x
IdPo	1	x	x	x	x + x + x
(D)	2	x	x	x	x + x + x
	3	x	x	x	x + x + x
	4	x	x	x	x + x + x
	5	x	x(4)	x	x + x + x
	6	x	x	x	x + x + x
	7	x(5)	x(8)	x	x + x + x
	8	x	x	x	x + x + x