Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics, Epidemic-related Information and Psychological Factors by Problematic Internet Use Subgroups.
| No. (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=11254) | PIU (n=3191) | Non-PIU (n=8063) | p valuea | |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 4054 (36.0%) | 1251 (30.9%) | 2803 (69.1%) | |
| Female | 7200 (64.0%) | 1940 (26.9%) | 5260 (73.1%) | |
| Age, y | 0.048 | |||
| 15-20 | 8139 (72.3%) | 2350 (28.9%) | 5789 (71.1%) | |
| >20 | 3115 (27.7%) | 841 (27.0%) | 2274 (73.0%) | |
| Living area during the COVID-19 pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Hubei Province | 6960 (61.8%) | 1890 (27.2%) | 5070 (72.8%) | |
| Other provinces | 4294 (38.2%) | 1301 (30.3%) | 2993 (69.7%) | |
| Nation | 0.237 | |||
| Han nationality | 10421 (92.6%) | 2940 (28.2%) | 7481 (71.8%) | |
| National minority | 833 (7.4%) | 251 (30.1%) | 582 (69.9%) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||
| College or higher | 8045 (71.5%) | 2448 (30.4%) | 5597 (69.6%) | |
| Less than college | 3209 (28.5%) | 743 (23.2%) | 2466 (76.8%) | |
| Major | 0.71 | |||
| Medicine | 824 (7.3%) | 229 (27.8%) | 595 (72.2%) | |
| Non-medicine | 10430 (92.7%) | 2962 (28.4%) | 7468 (71.6%) | |
| Graduation | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 408 (3.6%) | 153 (37.5%) | 255 (62.5%) | |
| No | 10846 (96.4%) | 3038 (28.0%) | 7808 (72.0%) | |
| Singlehood | 0.53 | |||
| Yes | 9025 (80.2%) | 2547 (28.2%) | 6478 (71.8%) | |
| No | 2229 (19.8%) | 644 (28.9%) | 1585 (71.1%) | |
| Monthly family income, ¥ | <0.001 | |||
| ≤10,000 | 9290 (82.5%) | 2593 (27.9%) | 6697 (72.1%) | |
| >10,000 | 1964 (17.5%) | 598 (30.4%) | 1366 (69.6%) | |
| Only child | 0.202 | |||
| Yes | 4995 (44.4%) | 1386 (27.7%) | 3609 (72.3%) | |
| No | 6259 (55.6%) | 1805 (28.8%) | 4454 (71.2%) | |
| Experiencing quarantine | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5215 (46.3%) | 1564 (30.0%) | 3651 (70.0%) | |
| No | 6039 (53.7%) | 1627 (26.9%) | 4412 (73.1%) | |
| Living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic | 0.58 | |||
| Yes | 82 (0.7%) | 21 (25.6%) | 61 (74.4%) | |
| No | 11172 (99.3%) | 3170 (28.4%) | 8002 (71.6%) | |
| Confirmed/suspected COVID-19 or close contacting with patients | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 76 (0.7%) | 42 (55.3%) | 34 (44.7%) | |
| No | 11178 (99.3%) | 3149 (28.2%) | 8029 (71.8%) | |
| Family members who are confirmed/suspected COVID-19 or close contacting with patients | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 80 (0.7%) | 37 (46.3%) | 43 (53.8%) | |
| No | 11174 (99.3%) | 3154 (28.2%) | 8020 (71.8%) | |
| Acquiring some psychological knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic | 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 6746 (59.9%) | 1832 (27.2%) | 4914 (72.8%) | |
| No | 4508 (40.1%) | 1359 (30.1%) | 3149 (69.9%) | |
| Receiving psychological interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 513 (4.6%) | 194 (37.8%) | 319 (62.2%) | |
| No | 10741 (95.4%) | 2997 (27.9%) | 7744 (72.1%) | |
| Exercising during the COVID-19 pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 4686 (41.7%) | 1053 (22.4%) | 3643 (77.6%) | |
| No | 6558 (58.3%) | 2138 (32.6%) | 4420 (67.4%) | |
| Stress during the COVID-19 pandemic | <0.001 | |||
| High | 2235 (19.9%) | 911 (40.8%) | 1324 (59.2%) | |
| Moderate | 4025 (35.8%) | 1308 (32.5%) | 2717 (67.5%) | |
| Low | 4994 (44.4%) | 972 (19.5%) | 4022 (80.5%) | |
| ADHD symptoms | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 579 (5.1%) | 385 (66.5%) | 194 (33.5%) | |
| No | 10675 (94.9%) | 2806 (26.3%) | 7869 (73.7%) | |
| Depression | <0.001 | |||
| Moderate to severe | 1703 (15.1%) | 1050 (61.7%) | 653 (38.3%) | |
| Mild | 2970 (26.4%) | 1088 (36.6%) | 1882 (63.4%) | |
| Normal | 6581 (58.5%) | 1053 (16.0%) | 5528 (84.0%) | |
| Anxiety | <0.001 | |||
| Moderate to severe | 1033 (9.2%) | 664 (64.3%) | 369 (35.7%) | |
| Mild | 2633 (23.4%) | 1176 (44.7%) | 1457 (55.3%) | |
| Normal | 7588 (67.4%) | 1351 (17.8%) | 6237 (82.2%) | |
| Insomnia | <0.001 | |||
| Moderate to severe | 758 (6.7%) | 458 (60.4%) | 300 (39.6%) | |
| Subthreshold | 3181 (28.3%) | 1456 (45.8%) | 1725 (54.2%) | |
| Normal | 7315 (65.0%) | 1277 (17.5%) | 6038 (82.5%) | |
| PTSD | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 952 (8.5%) | 666 (70.0%) | 286 (30.0%) | |
| No | 10302 (91.5%) | 2525 (24.5%) | 7777 (75.5%) | |
Abbreviations: PIU, Problematic internet use; ADHD symptoms, Symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder.
a
χ2 tests were used to compare the prevalence of PIU in different populations.