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. 2021 Feb 26;286:64–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.056

Table 2.

Changes in Acute Emotions Across Pandemic Time Periods.

Pre (N = 49,831) Acute
(N = 51,094)
Sustained
(N = 56,307)
Pre v. Acute Pre v. Sustained Acute v. Sustained
Predicted Probability Odds Ratio [95% CI]
Negative & Somatic Emotions
Anxiety .108 .132 .103 1.26 [1.21, 1.30] .95 [.91, .98] .75 [.73, .78]
Sadness .066 .067 .079 1.02 [.97, 1.07] 1.21 [1.15, 1.26] 1.18 [1.13, 1.24]
Depression .080 .078 .087 .97 [.92, 1.01] 1.09 [1.04, 1.13] 1.13 [1.08, 1.18]
Stress/Overwhelm .123 .127 .109 1.04 [1.00, 1.08] .87 [.84, .91] .84 [.81, .87]
Tiredness .158 .124 .123 .76 [.73, .79] .75 [.72, .77] .98 [.95, 1.02]
Positive Emotions
Calmness .063 .058 .064 .93 [.88, .98] 1.02 [.98, 1.08] 1.10 [1.05, 1.16]
Happiness .019 .015 .019 .80 [.73, .88] 1.02 [.93, 1.11] 1.27 [1.15, 1.39]
Optimism .011 .009 .010 .87 [.77, .98] .98 [.87, 1.10] 1.13 [1.00, 1.28]
Gratitude .008 .009 .010 1.12 [.99, 1.28] 1.25 [1.10, 1.42] 1.11 [.99, 1.26]

Note. Statistically significant odds ratios are in bold. Pre included data collected prior to the acute period. Acute was defined as two weeks prior to and three weeks following the start of a stay-at-home order in a given state. Sustained included all data collected following the acute period.