Table 1.
Characteristics of pregnant women and chi-square analysis.
| Variables | Total | Depression | P | Anxiety | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| ≤19 | 32 (0.9) | 27 (84.4) | 5 (15.6) | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) | ||
| 20–24 | 520 (15.1) | 459 (88.3) | 61 (11.7) | 459 (88.3) | 61 (11.7) | ||
| 25–29 | 1371 (39.9) | 1280 (93.4) | 91 (6.6) | 1238 (90.3) | 133 (9.7) | ||
| 30–34 | 1115 (32.5) | 1053 (94.4) | 62 (5.6) | 1022 (91.7) | 93 (8.3) | ||
| ≥35 | 396 (11.5) | 377 (95.2) | 19 (4.8) | 355 (89.6) | 41 (10.4) | ||
| Medical insurance | <0.001 | 0.005 | |||||
| Yes | 2857 (83.2) | 2680 (93.8) | 177 (6.2) | 2595 (90.8) | 262 (9.2) | ||
| No | 577 (16.8) | 516 (89.4) | 61 (10.6) | 502 (87.0) | 75 (13.0) | ||
| Educational level | 0.013 | 0.167 | |||||
| Master degree and above | 147 (4.3) | 133 (90.5) | 14 (9.5) | 125 (85.0) | 22 (15.0) | ||
| Undergraduate | 937 (27.3) | 867 (27.1) | 70 (7.5) | 840 (89.6) | 97 (10.4) | ||
| College degree | 933 (27.2) | 885 (94.9) | 48 (5.1) | 853 (91.4) | 80 (8.6) | ||
| High school degree | 713 (20.8) | 658 (92.3) | 55 (7.7) | 647 (90.7) | 66 (9.3) | ||
| Junior high school diploma | 687 (20.0) | 640 (93.2) | 47 (6.8) | 618 (90.0) | 69 (10.0) | ||
| Primary school or below | 17 (0.5) | 13 (76.5) | 4 (23.5) | 14 (82.4) | 3 (17.6) | ||
| Partner’ education level | 0.057 | 0.351 | |||||
| Master degree and above | 208 (6.1) | 195 (93.8) | 13 (6.3) | 185 (88.9) | 23 (11.1) | ||
| Undergraduate | 1020 (29.7) | 941 (92.3) | 79 (7.7) | 907 (88.9) | 113 (11.1) | ||
| College degree | 862 (25.1) | 812 (94.2) | 50 (5.8) | 793 (92.0) | 69 (8.0) | ||
| High school degree | 711 (20.7) | 673 (94.7) | 38 (5.3) | 643 (90.4) | 68 (9.6) | ||
| Junior high school diploma | 616 (17.9) | 560 (90.9) | 56 (9.1) | 554 (89.9) | 62 (10.1) | ||
| Primary school or below | 17 (0.5) | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | ||
| Working status after pregnancy | 0.003 | 0.002 | |||||
| Employed | 2112 (61.5) | 1987 (94.1) | 125 (5.9) | 1931 (91.4) | 181 (8.6) | ||
| Unemployed | 1322 (38.5) | 1209 (91.5) | 113 (8.5) | 1166 (88.2) | 156 (11.8) | ||
| Partner’ working status | 0.178 | 0.049 | |||||
| Employed | 3290 (95.8) | 3066 (93.2) | 224 (6.8) | 2974 (90.4) | 316 (9.6) | ||
| Unemployed | 144 (4.2) | 130 (90.3) | 14 (9.7) | 123 (85.4) | 21 (14.6) | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 3188 (92.8) | 2988 (93.7) | 200 (6.3) | 2897 (90.9) | 291 (9.1) | ||
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 246 (7.2) | 208 (84.6) | 38 (15.4) | 200 (81.3) | 46 (18.7) | ||
| Marriage length | 0.001 | 0.131 | |||||
| ≥10 years | 228 (6.6) | 218 (95.6) | 10 (4.4) | 210 (92.1) | 18 (7.9) | ||
| 3–10 years | 1170 (34.1) | 1113 (95.1) | 57 (4.9) | 1071 (91.5) | 99 (8.5) | ||
| 1–3 years | 986 (28.7) | 906 (91.9) | 80 (8.1) | 879 (89.1) | 107 (10.9) | ||
| <1 year | 1050 (30.6) | 959 (91.3) | 91 (8.7) | 937 (89.2) | 113 (10.8) | ||
| Residential status | 0.601 | 0.762 | |||||
| Lives alone | 2317 (67.5) | 2153 (92.9) | 164 (7.1) | 2084 (89.9) | 233 (10.1) | ||
| Live with in-laws | 858 (25.0) | 798 (93.0) | 60 (7.0) | 777 (90.6) | 81 (9.4) | ||
| Live with Parents | 259 (7.5) | 245 (94.6) | 14 (5.4) | 236 (91.1) | 23 (8.9) | ||
| Professional psychological counseling before pregnancy | 0.074 | <0.001 | |||||
| Not received | 3187 (92.8) | 2973 (93.3) | 214 (6.7) | 2906 (91.2) | 281 (8.8) | ||
| Received | 247 (7.2) | 223 (90.3) | 24 (9.7) | 191 (77.3) | 56 (22.7) | ||
| Gestation age | <0.001 | 0.189 | |||||
| First trimester | 1144 (33.3) | 1033 (90.3) | 111 (9.7) | 1017 (88.9) | 127 (11.1) | ||
| Second trimester | 1151 (33.5) | 1086 (94.4) | 65 (5.6) | 1043 (90.6) | 108 (9.4) | ||
| Last trimester | 1139 (33.2) | 1077 (94.6) | 62 (5.4) | 1037 (91.0) | 102 (9.0) | ||
| Parity | 0.085 | 0.367 | |||||
| One | 1870 (54.5) | 1724 (92.2) | 146 (7.8) | 1679 (89.8) | 191 (10.2) | ||
| Two | 1296 (37.7) | 1219 (94.1) | 77 (5.9) | 1180 (91.0) | 116 (9.0) | ||
| Three and above | 268 (7.8) | 253 (94.4) | 15 (5.6) | 238 (88.8) | 30 (11.2) | ||
| Number of abortions | 0.156 | 0.873 | |||||
| Zero | 2559 (74.5) | 2383 (93.1) | 176 (6.9) | 2308 (90.2) | 251 (9.8) | ||
| One | 614 (17.9) | 574 (93.5) | 40 (6.5) | 557 (90.7) | 57 (9.3) | ||
| Two | 187 (5.4) | 175 (93.6) | 12 (6.4) | 166 (88.8) | 21 (11.2) | ||
| Three and above | 74 (2.2) | 64 (86.5) | 10 (13.5) | 66 (89.2) | 8 (10.8) | ||
| Vaginal bleeding | 0.396 | 0.003 | |||||
| No | 2589 (75.4) | 2415 (93.3) | 174 (6.7) | 2357 (91.0) | 232 (9.0) | ||
| Yes | 845 (24.6) | 781 (92.4) | 64 (7.6) | 740 (87.6) | 105 (12.4) | ||
| Pregnancy complications | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| No | 2651 (77.2) | 2496 (94.2) | 155 (5.8) | 2414 (91.1) | 237 (8.9) | ||
| Yes | 783 (22.8) | 700 (89.4) | 83 (10.6) | 683 (87.2) | 100 (12.8) | ||
| Pregnancy intentions | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| Plan conception | 1829 (53.3) | 1733 (94.8) | 96 (5.2) | 1681 (91.9) | 148 (8.1) | ||
| Unplanned pregnancy | 1493 (43.5) | 1357 (90.9) | 136 (9.1) | 1313 (87.9) | 180 (12.1) | ||
| Artificial impregnation | 112 (3.3) | 106 (94.6) | 6 (5.4) | 103 (92.0) | 9 (8.0) | ||
| Expected mode of delivery | 0.006 | <0.001 | |||||
| Out of consideration | 759 (22.1) | 687 (90.5) | 72 (9.5) | 661 (87.1) | 98 (12.9) | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 2349 (68.4) | 2206 (93.9) | 143 (6.1) | 2152 (91.6) | 197 (8.4) | ||
| Cesarean delivery | 326 (9.5) | 303 (92.9) | 23 (7.1) | 284 (87.1) | 42 (12.9) | ||
| Duration of isolation at home (day) after COVID-19 | 0.749 | 0.765 | |||||
| ≥14 | 3050 (88.8) | 2837 (93.0) | 213 (7.0) | 2752 (90.2) | 298 (9.8) | ||
| 7–13 | 131 (3.8) | 121 (92.4) | 10 (7.6) | 115 (87.8) | 16 (12.2) | ||
| 4–7 | 75 (2.2) | 69 (92.0) | 6 (8.0) | 69 (92.0) | 6 (8.0) | ||
| ≤3 | 178 (5.2) | 169 (94.9) | 9 (5.1) | 161 (90.4) | 17 (9.6) | ||
| Frequency of handwashing after going out after COVID-19 | 0.017 | 0.057 | |||||
| Every time | 2686 (78.2) | 2513 (93.6) | 173 (6.4) | 2433 (90.6) | 253 (9.4) | ||
| Most of the time | 512 (14.9) | 473 (92.4) | 39 (7.6) | 460 (89.8) | 52 (10.2) | ||
| Occasionally | 216 (6.3) | 194 (89.8) | 22 (10.2) | 189 (87.5) | 27 (12.5) | ||
| Scarcely | 20 (0.6) | 16 (80.0) | 4 (20.0) | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | ||
| Intimacy with partners after COVID-19 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Essentially unchanged | 2601 (75.7) | 2428 (93.3) | 173 (6.7) | 2364 (90.9) | 237 (9.1) | ||
| Strained | 77 (2.2) | 59 (76.6) | 18 (23.4) | 57 (74.0) | 20 (26.0) | ||
| More intimate | 756 (22.0) | 709 (93.8) | 47 (6.2) | 676 (89.4) | 80 (10.6) | ||
| Impact on household income after COVID-19 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |||||
| Essentially unchanged | 1835 (53.4) | 1732 (94.4) | 103 (5.6) | 1691 (92.2) | 144 (7.8) | ||
| Increased | 65 (1.9) | 63 (96.9) | 2 (3.1) | 58 (89.2) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Decreased 20–50% | 1195 (34.8) | 1095 (91.6) | 100 (8.4) | 1057 (88.5) | 138 (11.5) | ||
| Decrease 50% and above | 339 (9.9) | 306 (90.3) | 33 (9.7) | 291 (85.8) | 48 (14.2) | ||
| Regular prenatal examination | 0.006 | 0.274 | |||||
| Yes | 3104 (90.4) | 2901 (93.5) | 203 (6.5) | 2805 (90.4) | 299 (9.6) | ||
| No | 330 (9.6) | 295 (89.4) | 35 (10.6) | 292 (88.5) | 38 (11.5) | ||
| BMI before pregnancy | 0.212 | 0.472 | |||||
| 18.5–23.9 | 2139 (63.3) | 1992 (93.1) | 147 (6.9) | 1933 (90.4) | 206 (9.6) | ||
| <18.5 | 519 (15.4) | 478 (92.1) | 41 (7.9) | 463 (89.2) | 56 (10.8) | ||
| 24–27.9 | 425 (12.6) | 404 (95.1) | 21 (4.9) | 389 (91.5) | 36 (8.5) | ||
| ≥28 | 294 (8.7) | 269 (91.5) | 25 (8.5) | 260 (88.4) | 34 (11.6) | ||
| Smoking habits | <0.001a | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3372 (98.2) | 3148 (93.4) | 224 (6.6) | 3051 (90.5) | 321 (9.5) | ||
| Yes | 62 (1.8) | 48 (77.4) | 14 (22.6) | 46 (74.2) | 16 (25.8) | ||
| Her partner’ smoking habits | 0.008 | 0.086 | |||||
| No | 2125 (61.9) | 1997 (94.0) | 128 (6.0) | 1931 (90.9) | 194 (9.1) | ||
| Yes | 1309 (38.1) | 1199 (91.6) | 110 (8.4) | 1166 (89.1) | 143 (10.9) | ||
| Drinking habits | 0.005 | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3262 (95.0) | 3045 (93.3) | 217 (6.7) | 2961 (90.8) | 301 (9.2) | ||
| Yes | 172 (5.0) | 151 (87.8) | 21 (12.2) | 136 (79.1) | 36 (20.9) | ||
| Her partner’ drinking habits | <0.001 | 0.003 | |||||
| No | 2486 (72.4) | 2339 (94.1) | 147 (5.9) | 2265 (91.1) | 221 (8.9) | ||
| Yes | 948 (27.6) | 857 (90.4) | 91 (9.6) | 832 (87.8) | 116 (12.2) | ||
| Exercise | 0.001 | 0.639 | |||||
| Yes | 975 (28.4) | 929 (95.3) | 46 (4.7) | 883 (90.6) | 92 (9.4) | ||
| No | 2459 (71.6) | 2267 (92.2) | 192 (7.8) | 2214 (90.0) | 245 (10.0) | ||
| Sitting time per day (hour) | <0.001 | 0.005 | |||||
| ≤1 | 473 (13.8) | 442 (93.4) | 31 (6.6) | 430 (90.9) | 43 (9.1) | ||
| 1–3 | 1090 (31.7) | 1039 (95.3) | 51 (4.7) | 1009 (92.6) | 81 (7.4) | ||
| 3–5 | 840 (24.5) | 782 (93.1) | 58 (6.9) | 753 (89.6) | 87 (10.4) | ||
| 5–10 | 849 (24.7) | 774 (91.2) | 75 (8.8) | 748 (88.1) | 101 (11.9) | ||
| ≥10 | 182 (5.3) | 159 (87.4) | 23 (12.6) | 157 (86.3) | 25 (13.7) | ||
a:Calibration chi-square test.