Table 1.
Background Characteristics of the Participants (n = 1591) in the Whole Sample and by Study Phase.
| Phase 1 (N = 985) |
Phase 2 (N = 606) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | t | |
| Parent's age (years) | 30.31 | 4.47 | 29.63 | 4.52 | 31.42 | 4.14 | −8.06*** | |
| Infant's age (months) | 7.05 | 2.77 | 6.84 | 2.84 | 7.40 | 2.61 | −3.97*** | |
| Education | 4.54 | 1.35 | 4.39 | 1.41 | 4.79 | 1.20 | −6.04*** | |
| Physical health | 4.47 | .70 | 4.43 | .74 | 4.53 | .64 | −2.86*** | |
| Economic status | 2.12 | .70 | 2.19 | .64 | 2.07 | .73 | 3.32*** | |
| N | (%) | N | % | N | % | ᵡ2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 422 | 26.5 | 285 | 28.9 | 137 | 22.6 | ||
| Female | 1169 | 73.5 | 700 | 71.1 | 469 | 77.4 | ||
| Family status | 7.96 | |||||||
| Single | 9 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.3 | 6 | 1 | ||
| Married | 1413 | 88.8 | 887 | 90.1 | 526 | 86.8 | ||
| In a marital relationship without marriage | 155 | 9.7 | 89 | 9 | 66 | 10.9 | ||
| Separated / Divorce | 14 | 0.9 | 6 | 0.6 | 8 | 1.3 | ||
| At-risk pregnancy | 3.97* | |||||||
| Low-risk pregnancy | 1171 | 73.6 | 742 | 75.3 | 429 | 70.8 | ||
| High-risk pregnancy | 420 | 26.4 | 243 | 24.7 | 177 | 29.2 | ||
| Type of delivery | 9.47* | |||||||
| Vaginal | 1028 | 64.6 | 653 | 66.3 | 375 | 61.9 | ||
| C-section | 345 | 21.7 | 192 | 19.5 | 153 | 25.3 | ||
| Forceps / Vacuum | 218 | 13.7 | 140 | 85.8 | 78 | 12.8 | ||
| Experience of birth | .03 | |||||||
| Nontraumatic birth | 1125 | 70.7 | 695 | 70.6 | 430 | 71 | ||
| Traumatic birth | 466 | 29.3 | 290 | 29.4 | 176 | 29 |
*
p < .05.
***
p < .001.