Table 1.
Age- and gender-adjusted baseline characteristics of the study participants according to 3 different plant-based diet indices (n=6,054)
| Characteristics | Plant-based diet index |
p for trend1 | Healthy plant-based diet index |
p for trend1 | Unhealthy plant-based diet index |
p for trend1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||||
| Baseline diet only | |||||||||||||
| Total (n) | 1,181 | 1,357 | 1,182 | 1,242 | 1,082 | 1,250 | 1,270 | 1,091 | 1,267 | ||||
| Median of each exposure (Min, Max) | 44.0 (30.0, 46.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 58.0 (56.0, 73.0) | 43.0 (30.0, 45.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 59.0 (57.0, 71.0) | 43.0 (29.0, 45.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 60.0 (57.0, 74.0) | ||||
| Age (yr) | 49.5±0.3 | 51.1±0.2 | 52.4±0.3 | <0.001 | 48.6±0.2 | 50.8±0.3 | 53.5±0.2 | <0.001 | 49.4±0.2 | 50.5±0.3 | 53.1±0.2 | <0.001 | |
| Elderly, ≥65 yr | 7.6 | 11.2 | 14.2 | 0.001 | 6.2 | 10.5 | 16.1 | <0.001 | 7.2 | 9.8 | 16.4 | <0.001 | |
| Men | 54.5 | 54.3 | 55.1 | 0.790 | 54.5 | 53.3 | 54.6 | 0.520 | 52.8 | 54.2 | 53.4 | 0.300 | |
| Area, Ansan | 64.8 | 63.5 | 52.8 | <0.001 | 74.9 | 60.3 | 49.5 | <0.001 | 74.1 | 64.6 | 41.2 | <0.001 | |
| High school graduate | 54.9 | 50.9 | 42.7 | <0.001 | 51.9 | 50.0 | 45.7 | <0.001 | 59.9 | 49.2 | 38.5 | <0.001 | |
| Current smoker | 27.1 | 27.2 | 28.9 | 0.330 | 27.5 | 26.9 | 25.8 | 0.110 | 24.5 | 27.3 | 28.9 | 0.001 | |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 10.0±0.6 | 9.6±0.6 | 10.7±0.6 | 0.980 | 9.2±0.6 | 9.2±0.6 | 11.1±0.6 | 0.070 | 10.7±0.6 | 9.4±0.6 | 9.9±0.6 | 0.400 | |
| Physical activity level (MET/day) | 21.3±0.4 | 22.8±0.4 | 24.3±0.4 | <0.001 | 20.9±0.4 | 23.3±0.4 | 24.7±0.4 | <0.001 | 20.7±0.4 | 22.1±0.4 | 25.8±0.4 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 0.070 | 23.5±0.1 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 0.500 | 23.6±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 23.3±0.1 | <0.001 | |
| WC (cm) | 78.1±0.2 | 78.2±0.2 | 78.4±0.2 | 0.020 | 77.9±0.2 | 78.1±0.2 | 78.8±0.2 | <0.001 | 78.1±0.2 | 78.4±0.2 | 78.4±0.2 | 0.230 | |
| Healthy plant foods (servings/day)2 | 7.92±0.13 | 9.55±0.12 | 11.44±0.13 | <0.001 | 7.53±0.13 | 9.55±0.14 | 11.88±0.13 | <0.001 | 13.40±0.11 | 9.61±0.12 | 6.16±0.11 | <0.001 | |
| Less healthy plant foods (servings/day)3 | 6.81±0.09 | 7.96±0.08 | 9.51±0.09 | <0.001 | 10.12±0.08 | 7.91±0.09 | 5.94±0.08 | <0.001 | 6.76±0.09 | 7.98±0.09 | 9.37±0.09 | <0.001 | |
| Animal foods (servings/day)4 | 4.29±0.06 | 3.52±0.06 | 2.76±0.06 | <0.001 | 4.78±0.06 | 3.64±0.06 | 2.20±0.06 | <0.001 | 5.19±0.05 | 3.45±0.06 | 2.06±0.05 | <0.001 | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,782±15 | 1,892 ±14 | 1,979±15 | <0.001 | 1,714±14 | 1,877±15 | 2,077±14 | <0.001 | 1,701±14 | 1,910±15 | 2,072±14 | <0.001 | |
| Most recent diet | |||||||||||||
| Total (n) | 1,138 | 1,358 | 1,134 | 1,182 | 1,154 | 1,161 | 1,275 | 1,033 | 1,198 | ||||
| Median of each exposure (Min, Max) | 44.0 (30.0, 46.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 58.0 (56.0, 73.0) | 43.0 (31.0, 45.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 59.0 (57.0, 71.0) | 42.0 (29.0, 45.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 60.0 (57.0, 75.0) | ||||
| Age (y) | 50.0±0.3 | 50.8±0.2 | 51.9±0.3 | <0.001 | 49.1±0.3 | 50.9±0.3 | 52.4±0.3 | <0.001 | 49.1±0.2 | 51.1±0.3 | 52.6±0.2 | <0.001 | |
| Elderly, ≥65 yr | 9.1 | 10.5 | 12.3 | 0.040 | 7.9 | 11.3 | 13.4 | <0.001 | 6.7 | 12.1 | 13.9 | <0.001 | |
| Men | 53.1 | 54.9 | 55.6 | 0.410 | 54.2 | 55.8 | 52.9 | 0.470 | 53.3 | 51.4 | 50.8 | 0.240 | |
| Area, Ansan | 61.3 | 63.0 | 58.6 | 0.410 | 65.5 | 58.7 | 56.6 | <0.001 | 77.1 | 60.6 | 41.9 | <0.001 | |
| High school graduate | 60.8 | 50.3 | 45.3 | 0.003 | 51.0 | 47.8 | 47.3 | 0.020 | 60.9 | 48.8 | 37.4 | <0.001 | |
| Current smoker | 27.3 | 28.6 | 27.3 | 0.510 | 29.5 | 27.6 | 23.3 | <0.001 | 25.4 | 28.7 | 28.9 | 0.001 | |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 10.3±0.6 | 9.9±0.6 | 8.8±0.6 | 0.020 | 10.4±0.6 | 10.1±0.6 | 9.6±0.6 | 0.550 | 10.5±0.6 | 10.4±0.7 | 9.6±0.6 | 0.440 | |
| Physical activity level (MET/day) | 21.7±0.4 | 22.2±0.4 | 24.0±0.4 | <0.001 | 22.2±0.4 | 23.2±0.4 | 22.9±0.4 | 0.150 | 20.5±0.4 | 22.3±0.4 | 26.1±0.4 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4±0.1 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 0.120 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.6±0.1 | 0.010 | 23.6±0.1 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.2±0.1 | <0.001 | |
| WC (cm) | 78.4±0.2 | 78.2±0.2 | 78.2±0.2 | 0.670 | 78.0±0.2 | 78.1±0.2 | 78.7±0.2 | <0.001 | 78.1±0.2 | 78.3±0.2 | 78.4±0.2 | 0.090 | |
| Healthy plant foods (servings/day)2 | 7.89±0.13 | 9.86±0.12 | 12.17±0.13 | <0.001 | 8.32±0.13 | 9.86±0.13 | 11.60±0.13 | <0.001 | 13.73±0.11 | 9.84±0.11 | 6.26±0.11 | <0.001 | |
| Less healthy plant foods (servings/day)3 | 5.90±0.10 | 7.23±0.09 | 8.77±0.10 | <0.001 | 9.63±0.09 | 7.06±0.09 | 5.28±0.09 | <0.001 | 6.57±0.10 | 7.24±0.11 | 8.09±0.10 | <0.001 | |
| Animal foods (servings/day)4 | 3.84±0.08 | 3.50±0.07 | 2.91±0.08 | <0.001 | 5.06±0.07 | 3.41±0.07 | 2.07±0.07 | <0.001 | 5.37±0.07 | 3.30±0.07 | 1.84±0.07 | <0.001 | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,751±16 | 1,840±14 | 1,861±16 | <0.001 | 1,640±15 | 1,826±15 | 1,966±15 | <0.001 | 1,586±14 | 1,835±16 | 2,051±15 | <0.001 | |
| Cumulative average | |||||||||||||
| Total (n) | 1,260 | 1,431 | 1,263 | 1,236 | 1,169 | 1,224 | 1,228 | 1,176 | 1,226 | ||||
| Median of each exposure (Min, Max) | 45.5 (30.0, 47.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 57.0 (55.0, 73.0) | 44.0 (31.0, 46.0) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 58.0 (56.0, 70.0) | 43.5 (30.0, 46.0) | 51.0 (49.5, 52.0) | 59.0 (56.0, 71.0) | ||||
| Age (yr) | 50.6±0.2 | 50.6±0.2 | 52.2±0.2 | <0.001 | 48.6±0.2 | 50.9±0.3 | 53.2±0.2 | <0.001 | 49.2±0.2 | 50.5±0.2 | 53.3±0.2 | <0.001 | |
| Elderly, ≥65 yr | 9.1 | 9.1 | 12.7 | 0.001 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 15.0 | <0.001 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 16.8 | <0.001 | |
| Men | 55.4 | 55.4 | 53.6 | 0.860 | 54.3 | 52.3 | 53.7 | 0.510 | 56.7 | 55.8 | 56.8 | 0.610 | |
| Area, Ansan | 63.2 | 62.2 | 55.1 | <0.001 | 72.0 | 60.0 | 53.4 | <0.001 | 78.0 | 63.4 | 37.7 | <0.001 | |
| High school graduate | 54.2 | 50.2 | 43.6 | <0.001 | 52.3 | 48.0 | 47.6 | 0.002 | 61.4 | 49.0 | 36.7 | <0.001 | |
| Current smoker | 28.4 | 27.7 | 29.5 | 0.180 | 29.4 | 26.0 | 24.6 | 0.001 | 25.1 | 27.7 | 30.1 | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 11.0±0.6 | 9.2±0.6 | 9.8±0.6 | 0.050 | 10.1±0.6 | 9.7±0.6 | 10.5±0.6 | 0.430 | 10.4±0.6 | 10.1±0.6 | 9.8±0.6 | 0.550 | |
| Physical activity level (MET/day) | 21.4±0.4 | 22.8±0.4 | 24.5±0.4 | <0.001 | 21.5±0.4 | 23.1±0.4 | 23.6±0.4 | 0.020 | 20.0±0.4 | 22.6±0.4 | 26.2±0.4 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5±0.1 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.6±0.1 | 0.060 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.3±0.1 | 23.6±0.1 | 0.080 | 23.6±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 23.3±0.1 | <0.001 | |
| WC (cm) | 78.4±0.2 | 78.2±0.2 | 78.5±0.2 | 0.300 | 77.9±0.2 | 77.9±0.2 | 78.9±0.2 | <0.001 | 78.2±0.2 | 78.1±0.2 | 78.6±0.2 | 0.050 | |
| Healthy plant foods (servings/day)2 | 8.12±0.11 | 9.71±0.10 | 11.54±0.11 | <0.001 | 8.12±0.11 | 9.62±0.11 | 11.65±0.11 | <0.001 | 13.02±0.10 | 9.82±0.10 | 6.57±0.10 | <0.001 | |
| Less healthy plant foods (servings/day)3 | 6.67±0.08 | 7.59±0.07 | 8.98±0.08 | <0.001 | 9.59±0.08 | 7.57±0.08 | 5.87±0.08 | <0.001 | 6.72±0.08 | 7.53±0.08 | 8.76±0.08 | <0.001 | |
| Animal foods (servings/day)4 | 4.04±0.06 | 3.54±0.05 | 2.91±0.06 | <0.001 | 4.83±0.06 | 3.52±0.06 | 2.34±0.06 | <0.001 | 5.03±0.05 | 3.49±0.05 | 2.07±0.05 | <0.001 | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,777±13 | 1,864±12 | 1,921±13 | <0.001 | 1,724±13 | 1,852±13 | 2,003±13 | <0.001 | 1,690±13 | 1,858±13 | 2,013±13 | <0.001 | |
Values are presented as mean±standard error or %.
Q, quintile; KRW, Korean won; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; Min, minimum; Max, maximum.
1
Treating the median value of each group as a continuous variable using a general linear model.
2
Healthy plant foods included whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, tea, and coffee.
3
Less healthy plant foods included refined grains, potatoes, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets and desserts, and salty foods.
4
Animal foods included animal fat, dairy, eggs, fish, meat, and miscellaneous animal foods.