Table 2.
Reliability and convergent validity for fake news sharing model.
| Motive | CA | CR | AVE | Items | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Availability/Effort | 0.906 | 0.907 | 0.765 | The tools/medium allow users to be anonymous - Removed | 0.533 |
| Fake news can be broadcast to a large audience fast - Removed | 0.622 | ||||
| There are various tools/medium available (e.g., social media, chat, phone, website) | 0.839 | ||||
| The tools/medium are available easily (e.g., social media) | 0.860 | ||||
| The tools/medium are easy to use | 0.924 | ||||
| Entertainment | 0.908 | 0.908 | 0.713 | It is a satisfying experience to spread fake news | 0.770 |
| It is funny to see others believing the fake news | 0.784 | ||||
| Spreading fake news makes me popular | 0.903 | ||||
| It is exciting/thrilling to spread fake news | 0.910 | ||||
| Ignorance | 0.863 | 0.859 | 0.507 | I am lazy to verify news received - Removed | 0.622 |
| I tend to trust source of fake news (e.g., from a superior, lecturer, someone I look up to) | 0.716 | ||||
| I am not aware of the consequences of sharing fake news | 0.865 | ||||
| Pass Time | 0.928 | 0.928 | 0.811 | I shared fake news as I had nothing much to do | 0.878 |
| I shared fake news out of habit (tendency to forward/share information) | 0.910 | ||||
| I shared fake news out of boredom (i.e., just to pass time) | 0.913 | ||||
| Altruism | 0.935 | 0.935 | 0.827 | I shared fake news as I thought I was offering information to others | 0.855 |
| I shared fake news as I thought I was helping others | 0.908 | ||||
| I shared fake news as I thought I was motivating/inspiring others | 0.963 | ||||
| FoMO | 0.863 | 0.863 | 0.760 | I fear I will be excluded from my social circle if I do not share fake news | 0.863 |
| I fear my friends/peers will have more rewarding experience than me by sharing fake news | 0.880 | ||||
| Fake News Sharing | 0.770 | 0.770 | 0.538 | I shared/spread fake news through chats (IM, Skype etc.) - Removed | 0.648 |
| I have shared/spread fake news before knowingly | 0.703 | ||||
| I have shared/spread fake news before unknowingly | 0.711 | ||||
| I shared/spread fake news through messaging services (WhatsApp, SMS etc.) | 0.734 | ||||
| I shared/spread fake news through social media (Facebook, Twitter etc.) | 0.741 |
*Removed – indicates items removed due to a low factor loading (i.e., <0.7).