Table 4.

Actionable measures for start-ups, incumbents, universities, and innovation policy.

	Objectives	Measures
Start-ups	•Secure start-ups do not lose their time orientation (which is conducive to swift response) while growing and maturing.	•Actively manage entrepreneurial culture over the company life cycle to avoid the emergence of organizational inertia.
Incumbents	•Learn from start-ups to change some dimensions of their time orientation, which is similar to that of start-ups	•Allow entrepreneurial thinking and the utilization of iterative process models in innovation management (e.g., effectual logic and lean start-up approach).
	•Reap the benefits from the response speed of start-ups in the innovation process.	•Collaborate with start-ups (asymmetric collaboration).
University	•Adjust dimensions of time orientation.	•Follow the model of an entrepreneurial university—increase the importance of transfer without compromising on the quality of research and teaching.
Innovation policy	•Support asymmetric collaboration to create systemic structures for swift response.	•Adjust supply side innovation policies (e.g., funding schemes) to support asymmetric collaboration.
	•Utilize the speed of start-ups’ innovation response.	•Adjust demand side innovation policies (e.g., procurement) to support the governmental and private procurement of innovations from start-ups.
	•Foster universities’ responsiveness.	•Help universities to develop entrepreneurial spirit in the sense of an entrepreneurial university by stipulating and supporting technology transfer.