Table 5.
Results of multivariate binomial regression models on the association between age, ethno-cultural group, occupation and geographical location and reported reasons of COVID-related discrimination (n = 541).
| Variables | COVID-related discrimination reasons |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age |
Gender |
Physical Health |
Occupation |
Income |
Immigration Status |
Race/Ethnicity |
Neighborhood you live in |
|||||||||
| OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | OR (95 % CI) | LR χ2 (df) | |
| Age | 2.32(1) | 11.74(1)*** | 0.01(1) | 0.04(1) | 0.93(1) | 3.75(1) | 3.11(1) | 0.06(1) | ||||||||
| 18−39 years | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| ≥ 40 years | 1.51 (0.89, 2.56) | 0.23** (0.08, 0.56) | 0.97 (0.53, 1.74) | 1.06 (0.58, 1.91) | 0.70 (0.32, 1.44) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.01) | 1.66 (0.95, 2.96) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.73) | ||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | 20.13(6)** | 11.50(6) | 13.52(6)* | 18.78(6)** | 11.01(6) | 28.66(6)*** | 108.23(6)*** | 14.28(6)* | ||||||||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| East Asian | 0.15** (0.04, 0.44) | 0.39 (0.09, 1.46) | 0.30 (0.06, 1.03) | 0.47 (0.16, 1.27) | 0.26 (0.05, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.15, 3.00) | 46.56*** (17.47, 136.52) | 0.14* (0.02, 0.55) | ||||||||
| South Asian | 1.13 (0.36, 3.36) | 2.21 (0.58, 8.15) | 2.29 (0.69, 7.20) | 0.17 (0.01, 0.96) | 2.27 (0.66, 7.80) | 5.68* (1.46, 23.56) | 10.97*** (3.59, 35.31) | 0.58 (0.12, 2.21) | ||||||||
| Black | 0.49* (0.24, 0.98) | 1.05 (0.41, 2.77) | 1.02 (0.46, 2.24) | 0.50 (0.22, 1.11) | 0.69 (0.27, 1.81) | 4.18* (1.49, 13.44) | 9.69*** (4.42, 22.74) | 0.60 (0.26, 1.38) | ||||||||
| South East Asian | 0.26 (0.06, 0.90) | 0.28 (0.01, 1.78) |
0.76 (0.16, 2.76) |
0.28 (0.04, 1.18) |
0.44 (0.06, 2.01) |
0.47 (0.02, 3.42) |
32.63*** (10.20, 118.36) |
0.33 (0.05, 1.38) |
||||||||
| Arab | 0.65 (0.29, 1.45) | 1.08 (0.36, 3.22) | 1.94 (0.82, 4.67) | 1.59 (0.68, 3.72) | 0.64 (0.21, 1.89) | 4.73** (1.54, 16.27) | 2.40 (0.98, 6.06) | 1.22 (0.50, 2.99) | ||||||||
| Other | 1.56 (0.36, 5.96) | 3.27 (0.69, 14.51) | 1.25 (0.17, 5.87) | 1.87 (0.42, 7.51) | 1.18 (0.15, 6.03) | 2.61 (0.32, 15.03) | 2.36 (0.44, 10.37) | 0.75 (0.10, 3.50) | ||||||||
| Employment status/Occupation | 14.85(4)** | 2.67(4) | 4.47(4) | 21.63(4)*** | 6.43(4) | 7.95(4) | 9.09(4) | 2.70(4) | ||||||||
| Unemployed [not because of COVID-19] | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Essential worker [not healthcare] | 0.36** (0.17, 0.75) | 1.15 (0.41, 3.44) | 1.09 (0.46, 2.58) | 4.57** (1.84, 12.35) | 1.76 (0.62, 5.30) | 1.03 (0.44, 2.48) | 2.57* (1.22, 5.53) | 1.82 (0.76, 4.50) | ||||||||
| Non-essential worker | 0.36** (0.17, 0.72) | 1.66 (0.62, 4.83) | 1.08 (0.48, 2.47) | 1.99 (0.77, 5.47) | 3.06* (1.17, 8.74) | 0.44 (0.17, 1.13) | 2.46* (1.18, 5.22) | 1.10 (0.44, 2.75) | ||||||||
| Essential health-care worker | 0.87 (0.44, 1.72) | 1.45 (0.53, 4.29) | 1.84 (0.83, 4.14) | 5.91*** (2.48, 15.50) | 1.42 (0.46, 4.53) | 0.42 (0.16, 1.05) | 1.38 (0.66, 2.91) | 1.64 (0.69, 3.99) | ||||||||
| Lost job because of COVID-19 | 0.41* (0.18, 0.88) | 0.82 (0.25, 2.66) | 1.83 (0.79, 4.26) | 2.40 (0.85, 6.99) | 2.37 (0.84, 7.13) | 0.82 (0.32, 2.08) | 1.64 (0.74, 3.67) | 1.30 (0.49, 3.44) | ||||||||
| Geographical location | 0.49(1) | 0.75(1) | 0.26(1) | 0.87(1) | 0.00(1) | 1.12(1) | 0.01(1) | 5.81(1)* | ||||||||
| Outside Greater Montreal Area | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Greater Montreal Area | 0.83 (0.49, 1.41) | 0.74 (0.39, 1.48) | 1.16 (0.66, 2.12) | 1.34 (0.73, 2.58) | 1.02 (0.53, 2.06) | 0.70 (0.37, 1.36) | 0.98 (0.57, 1.68) | 2.36* (1.17, 5.24) | ||||||||
Note. *p < .05; ** p < .01; ***p < .001. All models included gender, education, immigrant status and exposure to COVID-19 as control variables. Separate models were run for each COVID-related discrimination reason (0 = not discriminated; 1=discriminated).