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. 2022 Oct 17;6(12):1649–1659. doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01450-3

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Fig. 5 — LE deficit is defined as the counterfactual LE from a Lee–Carter mortality forecast based on death rates for the fourth quarter of the years 2015 to 2019 minus observed LE. The points are labelled with ISO three-letter country codes.