Table 5.
Associations between overall, physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) and ever-partnered women characteristics.
| Overall IPV | Physical IPV | Sexual IPV | Psychological IPV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| Model 1: Demographic and socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 30–39 | 0.84 | (0.73–0.97) | 1.16 | (0.93–1.44) | 1.33 | (0.98–1.80) | 0.85 | (0.73–0.98) |
| 40–49 | 0.69 | (0.60–0.79) | 1.26 | (1.03–1.54) | 1.53 | (1.14–2.07) | 0.68 | (0.59–0.79) |
| 50–59 | 0.64 | (0.56–0.73) | 1.04 | (0.86–1.28) | 1.21 | (0.89–1.64) | 0.62 | (0.54–0.72) |
| ≥ 60 | 0.58 | (0.49–0.68) | 0.96 | (0.75–1.22) | 1.22 | (0.82–1.81) | 0.58 | (0.49–0.68) |
| Highest level of education | ||||||||
| Primary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Secondary | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.83 | (0.74–0.94) | 0.82 | (0.70–0.96) | 1.06 | (0.97–1.15) |
| Tertiary | 0.98 | (0.87–1.10) | 0.69 | (0.59–0.80) | 0.73 | (0.58–0.91) | 0.98 | (0.86–1.12) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Paid work | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Retired | 0.77 | (0.51–1.18) | 0.65 | (0.35–1.21) | 0.61 | (0.25–1.46) | 0.81 | (0.50–1.30) |
| Homemaker | 0.68 | (0.45–1.02) | 0.71 | (0.41–1.23) | 0.73 | (0.33–1.62) | 0.70 | (0.44–1.11) |
| Student, in training | 0.77 | (0.49–1.21) | 0.71 | (0.39–1.28) | 0.69 | (0.29–1.64) | 0.83 | (0.52–1.33) |
| Unemployed | 0.84 | (0.55–1.28) | 0.89 | (0.51–1.55) | 0.78 | (0.36–1.69) | 0.88 | (0.57–1.35) |
| Other | 1.38 | (0.90–2.11) | 1.28 | (0.75–2.18) | 1.75 | (0.83–3.70) | 1.42 | (0.93–2.17) |
| Employment during past 12 months | 1.23 | (1.06–1.42) | 1.19 | (1.02–1.40) | 1.20 | (0.93–1.56) | 1.22 | (1.06–1.41) |
| Occupation type | ||||||||
| Employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Farmer or fisherwomen | 1.00 | (0.80–1.25) | 1.57 | (1.12–2.21) | 2.38 | (1.32–4.28) | 0.99 | (0.77–1.27) |
| Professional | 1.25 | (1.02–1.52) | 1.08 | (0.86–1.36) | 1.16 | (0.79–1.69) | 1.28 | (1.04–1.57) |
| Owner | 0.05 | (0.86–1.29) | 1.09 | (0.88–1.35) | 1.09 | (0.82–1.43) | 1.07 | (0.91–1.26) |
| Management | 1.09 | (0.97–1.23) | 1.08 | (0.90–1.28) | 1.21 | (0.95–1.54) | 1.09 | (0.96–1.23) |
| Supervisor | 1.53 | (1.06–2.20) | 1.56 | (0.94–2.60) | 1.93 | (1.00–3.69) | 1.60 | (1.07–2.38) |
| Manual worker/servant | 1.04 | (0.94–1.14) | 1.14 | (1.02–1.27) | 1.21 | (1.01–1.44) | 1.05 | (0.96–1.14) |
| Never done paid work | 0.64 | (0.53–0.77) | 0.61 | (0.48–0.77) | 0.62 | (0.44–0.88) | 0.64 | (0.54–0.76) |
| Citizen | 0.92 | (0.69–1.23) | 0.91 | (0.68–1.22) | 1.01 | (0.65–1.57) | 0.88 | (0.69–1.13) |
| At least one migrated parent | 1.23 | (1.07–1.41) | 1.26 | (1.10–1.45) | 1.30 | (1.05–1.62) | 1.22 | (1.07–1.40) |
| Type of locality | ||||||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Rural | 0.81 | (0.75–0.86) | 0.70 | (0.37–1.42) | 0.76 | (0.66–0.87) | 0.80 | (0.74–0.87) |
| Model 2: Marital status and household | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 30–39 | 1.19 | (1.01–1.40) | 0.98 | (0.79–1.22) | 1.20 | (0.90–1.59) | 1.19 | (1.03–1.37) |
| 40–49 | 1.05 | (0.90–1.23) | 1.01 | (0.83–1.24) | 1.34 | (0.99–1.80) | 1.04 | (0.90–1.20) |
| 50–59 | 1.10 | (0.94–1.29) | 0.98 | (0.79–1.21) | 1.24 | (0.89–1.71) | 1.06 | (0.91–1.24) |
| ≥60 | 1.01 | (0.84–1.22) | 0.92 | (0.74–1.14) | 1.22 | (0.81–1.84) | 1.00 | (0.86–1.16) |
| Married or in a civil partnership | 0.55 | (0.47–0.64) | 0.73 | (0.63–0.84) | 0.64 | (0.49–0.83) | 0.54 | (0.47–0.63) |
| Cohabitation with a partner | 3.08 | (2.55–3.71) | 1.18 | (0.98–1.41) | 1.15 | (0.87–1.52) | 3.06 | (2.55–3.68) |
| Children | 0.37 | (0.33–0.43) | 1.50 | (1.24–1.81) | 1.49 | (1.18–1.89) | 0.37 | (0.32–0.43) |
| Number of people living in the household | ||||||||
| Under the age of 18 | ||||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 1 | 1.01 | (0.89–1.14) | 1.15 | (0.98–1.34) | 0.98 | (0.78–1.23) | 1.01 | (0.89–1.15) |
| 2 or more | 0.97 | (0.86–1.09) | 1.17 | (1.02–1.34) | 1.25 | (0.96–1.63) | 0.96 | (0.85–1.08) |
| Aged 18 and over | ||||||||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 2 or more | 0.71 | (0.61–0.84) | 0.76 | (0.65–0.87) | 0.87 | (0.68–1.10) | 0.72 | (0.61–0.86) |
| Last relationship | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Separation | 3.53 | (3.19–3.89) | 4.72 | (4.05–5.50) | 5.37 | (4.09–7.07) | 3.05 | (3.17–3.89) |
| Divorce | 9.24 | (7.92–10.78) | 10.07 | (8.41–12.07) | 9.53 | (7.04–12.91) | 9.30 | (8.04–10.76) |
| Widowhood | 2.25 | (1.90–2.66) | 2.55 | (1.94–3.37) | 3.19 | (2.18–4.67) | 2.25 | (1.92–2.64) |
| Model 3: Health | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 30–39 | 0.83 | (0.73–0.95) | 1.08 | (0.89–1.32) | 1.26 | (0.95–1.65) | 0.83 | (0.72–0.95) |
| 40–49 | 0.62 | (0.55–0.70) | 1.05 | (0.88–1.24) | 1.28 | (0.99–1.67) | 0.61 | (0.53–0.70) |
| 50–59 | 0.53 | (0.46–0.60) | 0.80 | (0.68–0.95) | 0.96 | (0.73–1.25) | 0.51 | (0.44–0.58) |
| ≥60 | 0.40 | (0.35–0.45) | 0.60 | (0.51–0.71) | 0.77 | (0.57–1.04) | 0.39 | (0.34–0.45) |
| Perceived healthiness | ||||||||
| Good | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Fair | 1.39 | (1.26–1.54) | 1.66 | (1.46–1.88) | 1.67 | (1.40–2.00) | 1.39 | (1.26–1.53) |
| Bad | 1.59 | (1.32–1.91) | 1.99 | (1.64–2.42) | 1.77 | (1.28–2.46) | 1.57 | (1.34–1.85) |
| Limitation | 1.91 | (0.90–4.04) | 2.63 | (1.15–6.05) | 4.19 | (1.51–11.67) | 1.88 | (0.94–3.77) |
| Perceived disability | 1.04 | (0.86–1.27) | 0.96 | (0.77–1.20) | 0.95 | (0.67–1.35) | 1.02 | (0.87–1.21) |
| Violence before the age of 15 | 2.04 | (1.77–2.36) | 2.17 | (1.85–2.56) | 2.36 | (1.86–3.00) | 1.99 | (1.74–2.29) |
| Domestic violence before the age of 15 | 1.35 | (1.16–1.57) | 1.35 | (1.14–1.60) | 1.36 | (1.05–1.75) | 1.37 | (1.18–1.60) |
Source: FRA Violence Against Women Survey dataset, 2012.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MD, missing data.
When not specified, “no” is used as a reference.
OR computed with multinomial logistic regression models.
Three models were built as follows: Model 1 based on sociodemographic data; Model 2 based on marital status and constitution of the household; and Model 3 based on self-perceived health and history of violence.
All models were adjusted on age.
Victims of each type of IPV (e.g., overall IPV, sexual IPV) are compared to non-victims considered the same type of IPV for each variable (e.g., age), and results are given by OR.
For each variable, the reference category is indicated as “Ref”.
MD was considered as a category.