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. 2022 Dec 2;13:1075746. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1075746

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

PNS induces depressive-like behavior and recognition memory deficits in adolescent rats. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental design. CTRL = Control, PNS = Prenatal Stress, PD = Pregnancy Day, PND = Post Natal Day, SPT = Sucrose Preference Test, NOR = Novel Object Recognition, FST = Forced Swim Test, Real time-PCR = Real time-Polymerase Chain Reaction, WB = Western Blot, ELISA = Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and HP = Hippocampus. (B) Depressive-like behavior assessed in the FST by measuring immobility time (sec) in PNS and CTRL rats. **p < 0.01 vs. CTRL female. (C) Sucrose preference (%) of CTRL and PNS males and female rats. (D) Total Exploration Time and (E) Discrimination Index (D.I) were used to evaluate recognition memory in rats. ***p < 0.001 vs. CTRL groups. All data are shown as mean ± SEM of CTRL male n = 29; CTRL female n = 43; PNS male n = 37; PNS female n = 25.