Table 2.

Study 2: state-level regression results.

Variable	COVID-19 Cases (log rate per 100,000)						COVID-19 Deaths (log rate per 100,000)
	b	t	p ≤	rp	95% CI		b	t	p ≤	rp	95% CI
					LL	UL					LL	UL
Model 1
Collectivism composite	0.033	4.63	0.001	0.56	0.33	0.73	0.038	3.06	0.004	0.41	0.14	0.63
Model 2
Collectivism composite	0.024	3.05	0.004	0.41	0.14	0.63	0.023	2.24	0.030	0.32	0.03	0.56
Spatial lag (cases or deaths)	0.609	2.52	0.015	0.35	0.06	0.58	0.769	5.00	0.001	0.60	0.37	0.76
Model 3
Collectivism composite	0.029	3.83	0.001	0.50	0.24	0.69	0.032	3.32	0.002	0.45	0.17	0.66
Spatial lag (cases or deaths)	0.519	2.27	0.028	0.32	0.03	0.57	0.614	4.19	0.001	0.53	0.28	0.72
GDP (log per capita)	1.002	2.75	0.009	0.38	0.10	0.61	1.794	3.33	0.002	0.45	0.18	0.66
Model 4
Collectivism composite	0.026	3.10	0.003	0.43	0.15	0.65	0.022	2.03	0.049	0.30	0.00	0.55
Spatial lag (cases or deaths)	0.459	1.93	0.061	0.28	−0.02	0.54	0.389	2.24	0.030	0.32	0.03	0.57
GDP (log per capita)	0.883	2.28	0.028	0.33	0.03	0.57	1.534	2.89	0.006	0.40	0.12	0.63
Population density (log)a	0.058	0.90	0.373	0.14	−0.17	0.42	0.230	2.21	0.033	0.32	0.02	0.56
Model 5
Collectivism composite	0.014	1.55	0.129	0.23	−0.08	0.50	0.006	0.50	0.622	0.08	−0.23	0.37
Spatial lag (cases or deaths)	0.347	1.51	0.140	0.23	−0.08	0.50	0.507	2.87	0.006	0.41	0.12	0.63
GDP (log per capita)	0.623	1.63	0.110	0.24	−0.06	0.51	1.167	2.16	0.036	0.32	0.01	0.57
Population density (log)	0.075	1.21	0.233	0.18	−0.13	0.46	0.198	1.95	0.058	0.29	−0.02	0.54
Percent non-White	0.013	2.46	0.018	0.35	0.06	0.59	0.016	2.09	0.043	0.31	0.00	0.56

Note. N = 48 U.S. states, excluding Alaska and Hawaii.