Table 3.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of serum concentrations between (A) type 2 diabetes+BMI<30 (n=40) and type 2 diabetes+BMI>30 (n=58), (B) type 2 diabetes with HbA1c<55(n=47) and type 2 diabetes with HbA1c>55 (n=51), (C) male type 2 diabetes (n=62) and female type 2 diabetes (n=36), (D) type 2 diabetes (n=80) and type 2 diabetes treated with DPP-4 inhibitors (n=18), (E) type 2 diabetes (n=75) and type 2 diabetes treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists (n=23), and (F) type 2 diabetes (n=75) and type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2 inhibitor therapy (n=23) with overall R-squared value and effect size (95% CI) of BMI, HbA1c, sex, DPP-4 inhibitor therapy, GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy, or SGLT2 inhibitor therapy displayed
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| A. Obesity | ||||||
| IL-12/IL-23p40 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.003 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.007 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.007 |
| IL-15 | 2.32 (1.05 to 5.11) | 0.038 | 2.30 (1.02 to 5.15) | 0.043 | 2.30 (1.02 to 5.16) | 0.043 |
| IFN-γ | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 0.041 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) | 0.087 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | 0.091 |
| MDC | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.029 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.051 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.049 |
| CRP | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.001 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.001 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.001 |
| B. Blood glucose | ||||||
| IL-8 | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.15) | 0.037 | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.14) | 0.076 | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 0.055 |
| TNF-α | 3.25 (1.21 to 8.73) | 0.019 | 2.64 (0.95 to 7.34) | 0.062 | 3.09 (1.11 to 8.58) | 0.031 |
| Eotaxin | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.031 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.027 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.025 |
| C. Sex | ||||||
| MDC | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.009 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.021 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.027 |
| D. DPP-4 inhibitor therapy | ||||||
| IL-8 | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.99) | 0.040 | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00) | 0.052 | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00) | 0.051 |
| IP-10 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.013 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.008 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.008 |
| MDC | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.027 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.011 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.011 |
| TARC | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.004 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.005 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.005 |
| E. GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy | ||||||
| IL-8 | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.15) | 0.025 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.17) | 0.069 | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.18) | 0.058 |
| IL-15 | 0.57 (0.23 to 1.41) | 0.226 | 0.29 (0.09 to 0.95) | 0.042 | 0.27 (0.08 to 0.92) | 0.036 |
| IL-16 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.042 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.077 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.068 |
| TNF-α | 6.50 (2.07 to 20.42) | 0.001 | 4.60 (1.26 to 16.76) | 0.021 | 4.70 (1.25 to 17.69) | 0.022 |
| F. SGLT2 inhibitor therapy | ||||||
| MDC | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.014 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.027 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.033 |
Results presented as OR and 95% CI. Total plasma cholesterol, BMI, HbA1c, and sex were included in the adjusted model 1 as appropriate, while statin use, BMI, HbA1c and sex were included in the adjusted model 2 as appropriate. For simplicity, only analytes with p values below 0.05 in either model are shown. Bold font indicated statistical significance after Bonferroni adjustment (p<0.003).
BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IP, induced protein; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; TARC, thymus and activation regulated chemokine.