Table 1.
Past findings about social capital and COVID-19.
| Study | Sample | Concept | Measure | Effect | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elgar et al. (2020) | 84 countries | Trust | World Values Survey | Increase | Deaths |
| Group affiliations | Increase | ||||
| Civic engagement | Decrease | ||||
| Trust in government | Decrease | ||||
| Borgonovi and Andrieu (2020) | U.S. Counties | Overall Social Capital |
Rupasingha et al. (2006)'s Index |
Decrease | Mobility |
| Borgonovi et al. (2020) | U.S. Counties | Overall Social Capital | USJEC Index | Decrease | Case Rates |
| Durante et al. (2021) | Italian provinces | Civic Capital | Blood Donor Rate | Decrease | Mobility |
| Trust (Survey) | |||||
| Newspaper Readership | |||||
| Arachchi and Managi (2021) | Individuals in 37 countries | Community Attachment | Single Survey Items (5-pt Likert Scale) | Increase | Deaths |
| Social Trust | |||||
| Family Bond | Decrease | Deaths | |||
| Neighborhood Security | |||||
| Wu (2021) | U.S. States | Social Capital | Putnam Index, USJEC Index | Increase | Testing Rate |
| Kuchler et al. (2020) | U.S. counties Italian Provinces |
Social connectedness | Facebook Data | Increase | Case Rates |
| Varshney and Socher (2020) | U.S. counties U.S. States |
Social Capital | USJEC Index | Decrease | Case & Growth Rates |
| Makridis and Wu (2020) | U.S. counties | Social Capital | USJEC Index | Decrease | Case & Growth Rates |
| Bai et al. (2020) | U.S. counties | Civic Norms | Rupasingha et al. (2006)'s indices | Increase | Social Distancing |
| Social Network Density | Decrease | ||||
| Fraser and Aldrich 2020 | Japanese prefectures | Linking Social Capital | Fraser (2020) Social Capital Indices | Increase | Case Rates in Hotspots |
| Decrease | Case Rates Overall | ||||
| Bartscher et al. (2020a) | European country regions | Bridging Social Capital | Voter Turnout | Increase-then-decrease | Cumulative Cases |
| Bartscher et al. (2020b) | Decrease | Excess Deaths Mobility |
|||
| Barrios et al. (2020) | Individuals, Counties, E.U. regions | Civic Duty | Voter Turnout, USJEC Index | Increase | Social distancing |
| Ding et al. (2020) | U.S. Counties | Community engagement | USJEC Rupasingha et al. (2006) |
Decrease | Social distancing |
| Individual commitment to norms | Increase | ||||
| Milani (2021) | 41 Countries | Social Connectedness | Facebook Data | Increase | Infections, Risk Perception, Social Distancing |
| Yanagisawa et al. (2021) | U.S. Counties | Social/emotional support | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Index | Decrease | Case Rates Deaths |
| Civic engagement | Petris Index | Weak decrease | |||
| Rupasingha et al. (2006) | Increase |