Fig. 4.

Human BBB models application in neuropharmacology. A. In vitro BBB models provide a straightforward method for studying the penetration of various types of pharmacological molecules. i. In vitro human BBB models for the research of tailored nanoparticle penetration. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery engineering techniques comprising size and surface modification are employed to functionalize the nanoparticles, such as ligand integration, amphiphilic encapsulation, or charge alteration for both transcellular and paracellular routes. ii. The in vivo-like structural models for research on the effect of ultrasound on BBB opening for drug delivery. B. In vitro models of the human BBB may also be utilized in place of animal models by employing patient cells in a high throughput manner for assessing i. drug efficacy and ii. safety in preclinical investigations, and iii. stem cell therapy as the next generation of medicine evolves. ECs represents endothelial cells