Table A6.
Robustness Checks: Normal Probit vs. Heckman Probit Models.
| Normal Probit | Heckman Probit | Normal Probit | Heckman Probit | Normal Probit | Heckman Probit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family vs. Non-family | Family vs. All others | Money vs. Non-money | Money vs. All others | New vs. Old | New vs. vs. All others | |
| Socio-economic position | ||||||
| Highest Education: Max. compulsory (ref.) | ||||||
| Max. Secondary Level | 0.093 | 0.102 | −0.100 | −0.101 | 0.063 | 0.084 |
| Max. A-Levels | −0.039 | −0.037 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.157 | 0.171 |
| Tertiary | 0.026 | 0.066 | −0.024 | −0.023 | 0.275** | 0.286** |
| HH income: <900 EUR | 0.151 | 0.116 | −0.045 | −0.047 | 0.061 | 0.017 |
| 900−1499 EUR (ref.) | ||||||
| 1500−3999 EUR | 0.340*** | 0.303** | −0.026 | −0.027 | 0.106 | 0.090 |
| 4000−6000 EUR | 0.508*** | 0.442** | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.087 | 0.061 |
| >6000 EUR | 0.353* | 0.279 | 0.059 | 0.052 | −0.026 | 0.006 |
| Age group: 18−34 years (ref.) | ||||||
| 35−50 years | −0.279** | −0.252* | −0.197 | −0.198* | −0.226* | −0.196* |
| 51−64 years | −0.381*** | −0.339** | −0.250* | −0.247* | −0.195* | −0.167 |
| 65 years or older | −0.747*** | −0.612*** | −0.418* | −0.411* | −0.630*** | −0.477** |
| Female | 0.052 | 0.039 | −0.185* | −0.191** | 0.085 | 0.052 |
| Partnered | 0.248*** | 0.221** | −0.049 | −0.050 | −0.020 | −0.029 |
| Has children | 0.188* | 0.151* | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.101 | 0.079 |
| Urban area | −0.120 | −0.108 | 0.164* | 0.171* | 0.041 | 0.047 |
| Migration background | 0.259 | 0.270 | 0.420*** | 0.414** | −0.003 | 0.019 |
| Former GDR | −0.089 | −0.130 | −0.159 | −0.163* | −0.262** | −0.185** |
| Full-time employed (ref.) | ||||||
| Part-time employed | −0.024 | −0.030 | −0.206 | −0.210* | 0.172* | 0.148 |
| Retired | −0.125 | −0.117 | −0.020 | −0.026 | 0.231* | 0.231* |
| Unemployed | −0.322 | −0.236 | 0.365 | 0.360 | −0.206 | −0.128 |
| Economically inactive | 0.027 | 0.063 | −0.338** | −0.338** | −0.166 | −0.111 |
| Health | 0.016 | 0.024 | −0.030 | −0.026 | 0.098** | 0.088** |
| Moral obligation | −0.014 | −0.039 | 0.081*** | 0.085* | 0.001 | −0.025 |
| Church frequency | −0.094 | −0.107* | 0.109* | 0.105 | 0.150** | 0.128* |
| Variables used in stage 1 (help = yes) in Heckman models | ||||||
| Generalized trust | 0.013 | yes | 0.009 | yes | 0.013 | yes |
| Meeting family/friends: Less than monthly (ref.) | ||||||
| At least monthly | 0.177* | yes | −0.045 | yes | 0.080 | yes |
| At least weekly | 0.118 | yes | 0.007 | yes | −0.008 | yes |
| Not member in association: (ref.) | ||||||
| One | 0.119 | yes | 0.017 | yes | 0.172* | yes |
| Two | −0.002 | yes | −0.108 | yes | 0.206* | yes |
| Incidence rate | −0.001 | yes | 0.000 | yes | −0.002 | yes |
| Constant | 0.750* | 1.261** | −1.251*** | −1.228* | −1.218*** | −0.766 |
| R-Squared | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
| Rho | −0.407 | 0.009 | −0.436 | |||
| N | 2250 | 4521 | 2263 | 4521 | 2242 | 4521 |
Legend: Heckman Probit models. Different samples: only helpers (normal Probit) vs. all (including non-helpers; Heckman Probit). Bold coefficients indicate differences in significance resp. non-significance between levels. LR Test in all cases non-significant. Stage 1 not displayed for reasons of space.