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. 2021 Mar 17;276:113849. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113849

Table 2.

Mean level comparisons of sleep characteristics in NHIS 2018 sample of internet users vs. Luc.id April 2020 online nationally representative sample.


NHIS 2018
Luc.id 2020



M (SE) n M (SE) n Mdiff (99% CI) d (99% CI) F (df)
Sleep duration 7.01 (.01) 19,369 6.96 (.04) 2059 −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.09) −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) 1.17 (1, 21,415)
Days with difficulties falling asleep 1.42 (.02) 19,381 2.55 (.07) 2048 1.13 (0.93–1.32) 0.35 (0.32–0.39) 230.92 (1, 21,416)
Days with difficulties staying asleep 1.90 (.02) 19,373 2.51 (.08) 2054 0.62 (0.39–0.84) 0.17 (0.13–0.21) 52.18 (1, 21,414)
Days feeling not rested 2.85 (.02) 19,333 3.61 (.08) 2057 0.76 (0.55–0.93) 0.21 (0.17–0.24) 80.03 (1, 21,377)

Note. Positive Mdiff values reflect increases in variable from 2018 to 2020. d = Cohen's d adjusted for uneven group sample sizes.