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. 2022 Dec 16;12:21779. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26457-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine production in subsets of immune cells in response to COVID-19 plasma exosomes. (a) MicroBeads sorted CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, and CD14⁺ monocytes were treated with plasma exosomes (4 × 10⁹ ml⁻¹) from the same patients (average age 52.1) early (E exo) in their admission and later (L exo) in their hospitalization (average 4 days) or non-COVID-19 donors (C exo) at 37 °C for 16 h. Cytokine production was quantified using flow cytometry gated for live CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD14⁺ cells. (b) Cytokine production was quantified using MicroBeads selected CD4⁺ cells gating on Th17 T cells using PE-CF594-conjugated CD196 (CCR6) (Clone 11A9, BD Bio.) and on T_reg T cells using PE-conjugated CD25 (Clone 2A3, BD Bio.). CD4⁺ central memory T cells were separated using MicroBeads kit (Miltenyi Biotech) and gated for live cells. Isotype controls and no-antibody blank controls were used in parallel in flow cytometry. Data represent average ± SD; n = 10; *p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05; one-way ANOVA equal variant.