| Variables | Items | Measurement items | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality salience (MS) |
MS1 | When it comes to COVID-19, I am very much afraid to die | Templer (1970) |
| MS2 | When it comes to COVID-19, the thought of death often hits my mind | ||
| MS3 | I feel nervous when thinking of the death scene caused by COVID-19 | ||
| MS4 | I feel terrified if I got quarantined and medical treatment because of COVID-19 infection | ||
| MS5 | I am scared of COVID-19 infection | ||
| MS6 | I am terrified of death caused by COVID-19 | ||
| MS7a | When it comes to COVID-19, the thought of death never bothers me. | ||
| MS8 | When it comes to COVID-19, I constantly feel that time flies and time is short | ||
| MS9 | When it comes to COVID-19, I fear dying a painful death | ||
| MS10 | The topic of COVID-19 death makes me feel worried and resignation | ||
| MS11 | I was afraid I do not have enough immunity to resist the Coronavirus effectively | ||
| MS12 | When it comes to COVID-19, I often think of how fragile life is | ||
| MS13 | I shudder at the thought of the heavy casualties of the COVID-19 | ||
| MS14 | I feel scared and sad when I saw the news about the numbers of deaths caused by the COVID-19 | ||
| MS15 | When it comes to COVID-19, I'm worried about the future | ||
| Perceived control (PC) |
PC1a | During the COVID-19 pandemic, I feel helpless | Liu et al. (2016) |
| PC2a | During the COVID-19 pandemic, I feel powerless | ||
| PC3a | During the COVID-19 pandemic, I feel like I don't have a sense of control | ||
| Social distance (SD) |
SD | Compared to the usual, during the pandemic, how frequently are you in contact with relatives, friends and colleagues? (including meetings, phone calls, chats or videos on various social media platforms) | Lev-On, Lissits (2016) |
| Quantified self product (QP) |
QP1 | Body fat scale or electronic scale | |
| QP2 | Smart band or smartwatch | ||
| QP3 | Blood pressure or blood glucose monitor | ||
| QP4 | Treadmill, rowing machine etc. With digital statistical display screen | ||
| QP5 | Environmental monitoring equipment such as thermometer, hygrometer and formaldehyde tester | ||
| QP6 | Other products with quantified self function | ||
| QP7 | None | ||
| Quantified self applications (QA) |
QA1 | Recording dietary calorie intake (such as Myfitness pal) | |
| QA2 | Remind of drinking water (such as waterminder) | ||
| QA3 | Recording daily expenses, incomes (such as Next, Household account book) | ||
| QA4 | Monitoring running mileage, speed (such as Adidas runtastic, Nike run club) | ||
| QA5 | Walking steps measurement (such as stepsapp) | ||
| QA6 | Green energy by Alipay | ||
| QA7 | Sleep monitoring (such as Pillow, autosleep) | ||
| QA8 | Recording daily life, work, study and other arrangements (such as Timing, Life Cycle) | ||
| QA9 | Recite words and read articles for English learning every day (such as Shanbay Word) | ||
| QA10 | Health and physiological cycle (such as Clue, healthkit, Gyroscope) | ||
| QA11 | Recording computer, mobile phone use time; monitoring work efficiency (such as RescueTime, Qbserve) | ||
| QA12 | Weather forecast (temperature, humidity, PM2.5, UV index) | ||
| QA13 | Other applications with quantified self function | ||
| QA14 | None |
a
Stands for reverse item.