TABLE 1.
Altered blood microbial compositions associated with CVDs
| Disease and sample size | Sample | Technique | Disease‐associated changes in blood microbial abundance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 ACS, 70 CCS, and 70 Controls | Whole blood | 16 S rRNA sequencing | Actinobacteria phylum, and genus staphylococcus in the healthy group, phyla Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria in the ACS group, and phylum Firmicutes, and genus Lactobacillus were found in the CCS group | 21 |
| 29 MI patients and 29 controls | Whole blood | 16 S rRNA sequencing | Actinobacteria phylum and Bifidobacterium genus were significantly increased in MI patients | 20 |
| 20 RA patients | Serum | 16 S rRNA sequencing | A high proportion of phylum Proteobacteria, and genus Serratia, Corynebacterium were observed in RA patients | 53 |
| 103 non‐MI and 99 MI patients | Whole blood | 16 S rRNA sequencing | In MI patients, the Caulobacterales order and Caulobacteraceae family were observed to be significantly lower | 48 |
| 49 healthy, 100 STEMI, and 50 stable CAD patients | Blood leukocytes | 16 S rRNA sequencing | Streptococcus spp., Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus were significantly higher in STEMI patients | 43 |
| 727 incident stroke and 1312 incident CAD patients | Whole blood | 16 S rRNA sequencing | Infections were connected to an elevated risk of CVD in both inpatient and outpatient settings | 58 |
| Portal hypertension 58 patients with liver Cirrhosis and 46 control patients | Blood | 16 S rRNA sequencing | Comamonas, Cnuella, Dialister, Escherichia/ Shigella, and Prevotella were present in the patient group, whereas Bradyrhizobium, Curvibacter, Diaphorobacter, Pseudarcicella, and Pseudomonas numbers were decreased | 18 |
| 48 VHD, 35 CHD, 50 IHD, and 45 controls | Whole blood | 16 S rDNA analysis | All CVD patients had predominant Staphylococcus sp., while VHD patients have more bacteria detected than CHD and IHD patients | 42 |
| 31 CVD patients and 10 controls | Whole blood | 16 S rDNA sequencing | In CVD patients, there is a higher in Pseudomonadaceae and a lower in Staphylococcaceae, Gamma Proteobacteria, and Bacillales | 41 |
| 80 CVD patients and 40 controls | Blood plasma | 16 S rDNA sequencing | Actinobacteria predominated in CVD patients, whereas Proteobacteria predominated in healthy | 40 |
Abbreviations: (ACS), Acute coronary syndrome; CCS, Chronic coronary syndrome; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; CAD, Coronary artery disease; (MI), Myocardial infarction; PD, Parkinson's disease; PCOS, Polycystic ovary syndrome patients; RA, Rheumatoid arthritis; (STEMI), ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction; (T2DM), Type 2 diabetes mellitus.