Table 2.
Regression Coefficients From Linear Second-Order Growth Curve Models for Cognitive Functioning (N = 74,193)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | Slope | Intercept | Slope | |||||||||
| Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p | |
| Factor mean | −0.115 | [−0.144, −0.086] | .000 | −0.107 | [−0.168, −0.046] | .001 | −0.117 | [−0.147, −0.086] | .000 | −0.101 | [−0.166, −0.037] | .002 |
| Factor variance | 0.466 | [0.454, 0.477] | .000 | 0.841 | [0.821, 0.860] | .000 | 0.462 | [0.450, 0.473] | .000 | 0.829 | [0.808, 0.849] | .000 |
| Covariance | −0.299 | [−0.333, −0.265] | .000 | −0.299 | [−0.333, −0.265] | .000 | −0.290 | [−0.325, −0.255] | .000 | −0.290 | [−0.325, −0.255] | .000 |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Welfare regime (ref. Bismarckian) | ||||||||||||
| Scandinavian | 0.070 | [0.060, 0.080] | .000 | −0.158 | [−0.178, −0.139] | .000 | 0.056 | [0.040, 0.072] | .000 | −0.140 | [−0.171, −0.109] | .000 |
| Southern | −0.136 | [−0.147, −0.126] | .000 | −0.134 | [−0.156, −0.112] | .000 | −0.105 | [−0.123, −0.087] | .000 | −0.215 | [−0.252, −0.178] | .000 |
| Education | 0.351 | [0.338, 0.364] | .000 | −0.079 | [−0.107, −0.051] | .000 | 0.359 | [0.341, 0.377] | .000 | −0.024 | [−0.062, 0.014] | .211 |
| Scand. × Educ. | −0.065 | [−0.078, −0.051] | .000 | 0.035 | [0.007, 0.062] | .013 | ||||||
| South. × Educ. | 0.047 | [0.029, 0.066] | .000 | −0.155 | [−0.194, −0.117] | .000 | ||||||
| Job skill (high) | 0.025 | [0.007, 0.043] | .007 | 0.084 | [0.049, 0.119] | .000 | 0.021 | [−0.002, 0.044] | .077 | 0.074 | [0.028, 0.120] | .001 |
| Scand. × Job skill | 0.027 | [0.003, 0.052] | .029 | −0.025 | [−0.071, 0.022] | .299 | ||||||
| South. × Job skill | −0.009 | [−0.029, 0.012] | .423 | 0.035 | [−0.008, 0.077] | .110 | ||||||
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Age | −0.315 | [−0.326, −0.304] | .000 | −0.284 | [−0.309, −0.259] | .000 | −0.315 | [−0.326, −0.304] | .000 | −0.290 | [−0.315, −0.265] | .000 |
| Sex (female) | 0.133 | [0.122, 0.143] | .000 | 0.029 | [0.007, 0.051] | .010 | 0.136 | [0.125, 0.146] | .000 | 0.027 | [0.005, 0.049] | .017 |
| EURO−D | −0.157 | [−0.168, −0.146] | .000 | 0.090 | [0.066, 0.113] | .000 | −0.153 | [−0.164, −0.142] | .000 | 0.084 | [0.060, 0.107] | .000 |
| SRH | 0.135 | [0.121, 0.149] | .000 | −0.005 | [−0.033, 0.024] | .742 | 0.133 | [0.119, 0.147] | .000 | −0.001 | [−0.030, 0.027] | .919 |
| Ever smoked (ref. No) | 0.039 | [0.028, 0.049] | .000 | −0.023 | [−0.044, −0.003] | .027 | 0.035 | [0.024, 0.045] | .000 | −0.016 | [−0.037, 0.005] | .130 |
| Frequent drinking (ref. No) | 0.033 | [0.024, 0.043] | .000 | 0.038 | [0.017, 0.058] | .000 | 0.039 | [0.030, 0.049] | .000 | 0.029 | [0.008, 0.049] | .006 |
| Refreshment sample (ref. No) | 0.046 | [0.035, 0.057] | .000 | 0.190 | [0.167, 0.212] | .000 | 0.049 | [0.038, 0.059] | .000 | 0.187 | [0.164, 0.210] | .000 |
Notes: SRH = self-rated health; EURO-D = EURO-D scale for depression. Estimates are fully standardized (β). Reference individual is a 65-year-old male, living in a Bismarckian country with upper secondary education (ISCED-3), a low-skill job, and not part of a refreshment sample. Confidence intervals (CIs) based on robust standard errors.