. 2022 Dec 2;10:998484. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.998484

Table 3.

Multiple regression results for medal tallies.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Bronze medal tally			Bronze medal tally			Silver medal tally			Silver medal tally
	β	t	*p value*	β	t	*p value*	β	t	*p value*	β	t	*p value*
Constant		3.760	< 0.001^***		2.332	0.011^**		3.051	0.002^***		1.902	0.030^**
Temporal factors
Time zone difference	−0.067	−0.794	0.215	−0.071	−0.837	0.202	−0.020	−0.250	0.402	−0.010	−0.122	0.452
easterly direction	−0.053	−1.308	0.097^*	−0.045	−1.053	0.147	−0.021	−0.536	0.297	−0.044	−1.090	0.139
Time zone difference × easterly direction	–	–	–	−0.031	−0.722	0.236	–	–	–	0.083	2.047	0.021^**
Location factors
Host nation	0.087	2.068	0.020^**	0.094	2.176	0.016^**	0.174	4.309	< 0.001^***	0.155	3.765	< 0.001^***
Host previously?	0.093	2.353	0.010^**	0.094	2.368	0.010^**	0.100	2.656	0.005^***	0.098	2.629	0.009^***
Host following?	0.105	2.665	0.004^***	0.107	2.700	0.004^**	0.035	0.928	0.178	0.031	0.812	0.209
Distance (km)	0.049	0.555	0.290	0.048	0.535	0.297	0.027	0.321	0.375	0.032	0.379	0.353
Economic factors
Population (national)	0.226	4.548	< 0.001^***	0.225	4.507	< 0.001^***	0.259	5.446	< 0.001^***	0.263	5.579	< 0.001^***
GDP (national)	0.236	4.386	< 0.001^***	0.230	4.239	< 0.001^***	0.145	2.809	0.003^***	0.159	3.090	0.001^***
Country controls
AUS	0.150	2.661	0.005***.	0.149	2.645	0.005^***	0.124	2.296	0.012^**	0.125	2.352	0.010^**
CAN	0.031	0.616	0.270	0.026	0.508	0.306	0.000	0.002	0.499	0.014	0.288	0.387
FRA	0.138	2.722	0.004^***	0.138	2.725	0.004^***	0.082	1.698	0.046^**	0.081	1.694	0.046^**
GER	0.297	6.578	< 0.001^***	0.300	6.606	< 0.001^***	0.202	4.674	< 0.001^***	0.194	4.517	< 0.001^***
GBR	0.143	2.786	0.003^***	0.137	2.631	0.005^***	0.116	2.365	0.010^**	0.132	2.685	0.004^***
HUN	0.103	2.051	0.021^**	0.104	2.054	0.021^**	0.089	1.833	0.035^**	0.088	1.834	0.034^**
ITA	0.101	1.995	0.024^**	0.101	1.984	0.025^**	0.054	1.105	0.136	0.055	1.137	0.129
JPN	0.062	1.211	0.114	0.061	1.180	0.120	0.002	0.046	0.482	0.006	0.127	0.450
RUS	0.422	9.857	< 0.001^***	0.421	9.810	< 0.001^***	0.331	8.083	< 0.001^***	0.334	8.229	< 0.001^***
KOR	0.017	0.331	0.371	0.014	0.282	0.390	0.019	0.400	0.345	0.026	0.539	0.295
ESP	−0.095	−1.869	0.032^**	−0.096	−1.880	0.031^**	−0.042	−0.849	0.199	−0.040	−0.816	0.208
UKR	0.104	2.390	0.009^***	0.104	2.385	0.009^***	0.018	0.436	0.332	0.018	0.446	0.328
USA	0.504	8.521	< 0.001^***	0.502	8.460	< 0.001^***	0.624	11.011	< 0.001^***	0.630	11.207	< 0.001^***
N	187			187			187			187
F value	25.627			24.415			28.687			28.099
Sign.	< 0.001^***			< 0.001^***			< 0.001^***			< 0.001^***
R ²	0.764			0.765			0.784			0.789

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01,

^***

p < 0.001.