Table 2.

Odds ratios of the total effect and direct effect of work situation (WS) on pain, the association between work situation and physical activity (PA), the association between physical activity and pain, and the indirect effect of physical activity.

	Pain in the lower back						Pain in the upper back						Pain in the arm, neck, and/or shoulder
	N = 28,586, observations = 211,141						N = 20,354, observations = 107,161						N = 20,354, observations = 107,161
	Home workers			Hybrid workers			Home workers			Hybrid workers			Home workers			Hybrid workers
	OR	95%-CI		OR	95%-CI		OR	95%-CI		OR	95%-CI		OR	95%-CI		OR	95%-CI
c-path (total effect)	1.02	0.97	1.08	1.05	0.97	1.13	1.12*	1.01	1.25	1.16*	1.02	1.32	1.19*	1.10	1.29	1.21*	1.10	1.34
c'-path (direct effect)	1.02	0.97	1.08	1.05	0.97	1.13	1.12*	1.01	1.25	1.16*	1.02	1.32	1.19*	1.10	1.29	1.21*	1.10	1.34
a-path (WS -> PA)	0.87*	0.83	0.91	1.04	0.98	1.10	1.03	0.97	1.10	1.09*	1.01	1.18	1.03	0.97	1.10	1.09*	1.01	1.18
b-path (PA -> pain)	0.97	0.94	1.01	0.97	0.94	1.01	1.04	0.98	1.11	1.04	0.98	1.11	1.00	0.95	1.04	1.00	0.95	1.04
Indirect effect (a*b)	1.00	1.00	1.01	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.99	1.01	1.00	1.00	1.01	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PA, physical activity; WS, work situation.

Odds ratios are adjusted for age, sex, education level, country of birth, household composition, occupation, occupational class, employment contract, general health, and physical activity before the pandemic.

^*p < 0.05.