Table 2.

The results of examining the differences in individualism before and after the COVID-19 outbreak (N = 9322).

Dependent variable	Effects	Estimate	SE	df	t	p
Individualism	Intercept	4.9381	0.0294	9545.85	167.72	<.0001
	Aftera	−0.0105	0.0227	9646.40	−0.46	.6426
	Middleb	0.0727	0.0200	9391.35	3.63	.0003
	Oldc	0.2090	0.0524	9487.05	3.99	<.0001
	Femaled	−0.1729	0.0236	9408.61	−7.34	<.0001
	Regione	0.0470	0.0332	9388.55	1.42	.1571
Collectivism	Intercept	4.8393	0.0327	9502.59	147.82	<.0001
	Aftera	0.0872	0.0253	9622.08	3.45	.0006
	Middleb	−0.0113	0.0223	9349.79	−0.51	.6132
	Oldc	0.4425	0.0583	9486.74	7.59	<.0001
	Femaled	−0.1935	0.0262	9368.88	−7.39	<.0001
	Regione	−0.0089	0.0369	9346.90	−0.24	.8097

^aAfter is a dummy variable that was coded 1 for the observations made after the COVID-19 outbreak and 0 otherwise.

^bMiddle is a dummy variable that was coded 1 for middle-aged group and 0 otherwise.

^cOld is a dummy variable that was coded 1 for old-aged group and 0 otherwise.

^dFemale is a dummy variable that was coded 1 for females and 0 for males.

^eRegion is a dummy variable that was coded 1 for Daegu/Gyeongbuk region and 0 otherwise.