Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of euglycemic women and those with gestational diabetes mellitus
| Euglycemic women (n = 626) | Gestational diabetes (n = 241) | P-values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 30.3 (5.7) | 31.9 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 34.7 (32.6-38.2) | 36.3 (33-39.8) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | 0.032 | ||
| White | 438 (70.0) | 144 (59.8) | |
| Black | 122 (19.5) | 59 (24.5) | |
| Asian | 40 (6.4) | 22 (9.1) | |
| Other | 26 (4.2) | 16 (6.6) | |
| Nulliparous | 291 (46.5) | 100 (41.5) | 0.19 |
| Trial arm, control | 325 (51.9) | 125 (51.9) | 0.99 |
| Gestational age at OGTT, weeks | 27.8 (0.7) | 27.7 (1.1) | 0.68 |
| Neonatal sex, female | 291 (46.5) | 118 (50.0) | 0.51 |
| Biochemistry | |||
| Fasting glucose | 4.5 (4.3-4.8) | 5.3 (5.0-5.6) | <0.001 |
| Glucose at 1 hour (OGTT), mmol/L | 7.1 (6.0-8.2) | 10 (8.6-11.1) | <0.001 |
| Glucose at 2 hours (OGTT), mmol/L | 5.6 (4.8-6.2) | 6.9 (5.9-7.9) | <0.001 |
| Insulin*, mU/L | 17.7 (12.6-30.6) | 23.0 (17.2-32.2) | <0.001 |
| C peptide*, nmol//L | 1.1 (0.86-1.8) | 1.3 (1.1-1.8) | <0.001 |
| Leptin*, ug/L | 62.5 (47.4-83.3) | 61.8 (46.8-85.8) | 0.83 |
| HOMA2b, % | 221 (178-314) | 197.4 (159-248) | <0.001 |
| HOMA2ir | 2.5 (1.8-3.9) | 3.3 (2.5-4.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol*, mmol/L | 5.96 (5.31-6.79) | 5.95 (5.17-6.71) | 0.34 |
| LDL cholesterol*, mmol/L | 3.75 (3.09-4.48) | 3.66 (2.90-4.39) | 0.08 |
| HDL cholesterol*, mmol/L | 1.84 (1.58-2.17) | 1.76 (1.48-2.09) | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides*, mmol/L | 1.90 (1.50-2.39) | 2.09 (1.64-2.72) | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 40.3 (39.1-41.1) | 39 (38.1-40) | <0.001 |
| Large-for gestational age | 43/626 (6.9) | 33/241 (13.7) | 0.001 |
| Customized birthweight percentile | 42.1 (20.3-69.8) n = 626 | 53.3 (30.0-79.8) n = 241 | <0.001 |
| Neonatal abdominal circumference, cma | 32.4 (30.9-34.0) n = 295 | 32.3 (31.1-34.1) n = 122 | 0.75a |
Data are presented as mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or n (%) as appropriate. *Analyses performed on the fasting sample at OGTT. Missing data: gestational age at OGTT (n = 2), insulin (n = 3), C-peptide (n = 8), HOMA2b/HOMA2ir (n = 19), total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (n = 5), HDL cholesterol (n = 4), triglycerides (n = 10), leptin (n = 4), and neonatal abdominal circumference (n = 450).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
aNot significant on univariate analysis but significantly different between groups following adjustment for gestational age at birth, ethnicity, and parity (P = 0.045, coefficient 0.46; 95% CI 0.01-0.91).