Table 1.
Characteristics of patients admitted with rhinovirus pneumonia.
| Variable | All patients N = 106 |
ICU admission N = 16 |
No ICU admission N = 90 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (Q1, Q3) | 71.5 (44.0, 84.0) | 69.0 (47.0, 82.8) | 72.0 (43.8, 84.0) | 0.81 |
| Male gender, N (%) | 50 (47.2) | 6 (37.5) | 44 (48.9) | 0.40 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3) | 27.3 (22.7, 35.04) | 30.3 (23.0, 40.0) | 27.0 (22.7, 34.3) | 0.27 |
| Smoking, N (%) | 8 (7.5) | 2 (12.5) | 6 (6.7) | 0.42 |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 53 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) |
| Hypertension | 62 (59.0) | 11 (68.8) | 51 (57.3) | 0.39 |
| Hypothyroidism | 16 (15.1) | 3 (18.8) | 13 (14.4) | 0.66 |
| Heart failure | 37 (34.9) | 8 (50.0) | 29 (32.2) | 0.17 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 20 (18.9) | 2 (12.5) | 18 (20.0) | 0.48 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 22 (20.8) | 2 (12.5) | 20 (22.2) | 0.38 |
| Dialysis | 8 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 8 (8.9) | 0.22 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 22 (20.8) | 6 (37.5) | 16 (17.8) | 0.07 |
| Dyslipidemia | 27 (25.5) | 3 (18.8) | 24 (26.7) | 0.50 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 47 (44.3) | 10 (62.5) | 37 (41.1) | 0.40 |
| Liver disease | 3 (2.8) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (2.2) | 0.37 |
| Immunosuppression | 9 (8.5) | 3 (18.8) | 6 (6.7) | 0.11 |
| Malignancy | 6 (5.7) | 2 (12.5) | 4 (4.4) | 0.20 |
| Transplant | 3 (2.8) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (2.2) | 0.37 |
| Bedbound before hospitalization, N (%) | 28 (26.4) | 2 (12.5) | 26 (28.9) | 0.17 |
| Presenting symptoms, N (%) | ||||
| Fever | 41 (38.7) | 5 (31.3) | 36 (40.0) | 0.51 |
| RR > 30/min | 34 (32.1) | 10 (62.5) | 24 (26.7) | 0.005 |
| Systolic BP < 90 mm Hg | 9 (8.5) | 3 (18.8) | 6 (6.7) | 0.11 |
| T < 35 or >39.9°C | 11 (10.4) | 0 (0) | 11 (12.2) | 0.14 |
| Pulse >125/min | 20 (18.9) | 5 (31.3) | 15 (16.7) | 0.17 |
| Shortness of breath | 96 (90.6) | 16 (100) | 80 (88.9) | 0.16 |
| Dry cough | 25 (23.6) | 5 (31.3) | 20 (22.2) | 0.43 |
| Purulent cough | 66 (62.2) | 7 (43.8) | 59 (65.5) | 0.24 |
| Chest pain | 16 (15.1) | 2 (12.5) | 14 (15.6) | 0.75 |
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 23 (21.7) | 1 (6.3) | 22 (24.4) | 0.10 |
| Fatigue | 27 (25.5) | 3 (18.8) | 24 (26.7) | 0.50 |
| Headache | 11 (10.4) | 0 (0) | 11 (12.2) | 0.14 |
| Hemoptysis | 2 (1.9) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| Pneumonia severity index∗, median (Q1, Q3) | 107.0 (78.5, 129.8) | 116.5 (91.0, 142.5) | 105.0 (73.3, 128.8) | 0.29 |
| Laboratory findings, median (Q1, Q3) | 10.95 (7.92, 14.13) | 11.30 (8.32, 14.58) | 10.95 (7.90, 14.10) | 0.58 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 74.4 (62.0, 81.90) | 86.4 (77.0, 91.7) | 74.0 (61.03, 80.0) | 0.02 |
| Neutrophil % | 13.1 (9.28, 22.60) | 5.7 (3.40, 9.70) | 13.9 (10.0, 24.5) | 0.01 |
| Lymphocyte % | 0.37 (0.32, 0.42) | 0.31 (0.26, 0.39) | 0.38 (0.33, 0.43) | 0.006 |
| Hematocrit | 30.1 (26.8, 32.1) | 30.9 (28.9, 34.0) | 30.0 (26.7, 33.0) | 0.19 |
| PTT (seconds) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 0.11 |
| INR | 38 (35.8) | 4 (25.0) | 34 (37.8) | 0.33 |
| BUN >11 mmol/L, N (%) | 136 (133, 139) | 136 (135, 137.75) | 136 (133, 139) | 0.82 |
| Sodium (meq/L) | 88.0 (65.0, 136.0) | 87.0 (83.3, 135.8) | 88.0 (64.0, 136.0) | 0.76 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.7) | 2.0 (1.6, 4.2) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.6) | 0.47 |
| Lactic acid (mmol/L) pH | 7.36 (7.30, 7.40) | 7.38 (7.34, 7.44) | 7.35 (7.30, 7.40) | 0.14 |
| PaO2 (mm Hg) | 73.0 (61.2, 82.0) | 78.3 (62.0, 122.3) | 70.6 (59.0, 79.6) | 0.12 |
| Leukocytosis (white blood cell> 15.00 109/L, N (%) | 20 (18.9) | 3 (18.8) | 17 (18.9) | 1.0 |
| Lymphopenia ∗∗ (<1000 × 106/L), N (%) | 26/87 (29.9) | 5/7 (71.4) | 21/80 (26.3) | 0.01 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, median (Q1, Q3) | 5.9 (3.1, 8.4) | 10.4 (6.0, 18.5) | 5.2 (2.7, 8.0) | 0.02 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (Q1, Q3)∗ | 42.5 (23.0, 108.0) | 30.2 (9.0, 72.0) | 49.5 (23.0, 116.5) | 0.38 |
| C-reactive protein> 40 mg/L, N (%) | 24/45 (53.3) | 3/7 (42.9) | 21/38 (55.3) | 0.69 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml), median (Q1, Q3)∗ | 0.10 (0.05, 0.56) | 0.41 (0.12, 0.58) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.56) | 0.35 |
| Procalcitonin> 0.5 ng/ml, N (%) | 9/31 (29.0) | 2/4 (50.0) | 7/27 (25.9) | 0.56 |
| Bacterial coinfection, N (%) | 7 (6.6) | 6 (6.7) | 1 (6.3) | 1.0 |
| Chest X-ray findings∗∗ | ||||
| Unilateral infiltrates | 26/101 (25.7) | 5/16 (31.3) | 21/85 (24.7) | 0.55 |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 47/101 (46/5) | 11/16 (68.8) | 36/85 (42.4) | 0.06 |
| Unilateral pleural effusion | 22/101 (21.8) | 3/16 (18.8) | 19/85 (22.4) | 1.0 |
| Bilateral pleural effusion | 16/101 (15.8) | 3/16 (18.8) | 13/85 (15.3) | 0.71 |
| Chest computed tomography findings ∗∗ | ||||
| Unilateral infiltrates | 6/20 (30) | 2/6 (33) | 4/14 (28.6) | 1.0 |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 7/20 (35) | 3/6 (50) | 4/14 (28.6) | 0.61 |
| Unilateral pleural effusion | 2/20 (10) | 1/6 (16.7) | 1/14 (7.1) | 0.52 |
| Bilateral pleural effusion | 4/20 (20) | 2/6 (33.3) | 2/14 (14.3) | 0.55 |
BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, ICU: intensive care unit, INR: international normalized ratio PTT: partial thromboplastin time, Q1: first quartile, Q3: third quartile, RR: respiratory rate, and T: body temperature. ∗Complete data to calculate PSI was available in only 42 patients. C-reactive protein level within 2 days of admission was available in 45 patients. Procalcitonin level within 2 days of admission was available in 31 patients. ∗∗Data were missing for some patients. The denominator represents the number of patients with available data.