Table 3a.
Odd ratios (OR) for problem gambling among regular male sports bettors.
|
Problem gambling |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR | 95% CI (lower) | 95% CI (upper) | |
| Age group (p > 0.01) | ||||
| 55+ | 1387 (35.5%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 54–35 | 1296 (42.3%) | 2.11 | 1.18 | 3.77 |
| 35 and under | 401 (35.5%) | 5.24 | 2.62 | 10.49 |
| Highest Educational attainment (p = 0.08) | ||||
| Post-secondary education (including degree or higher) | 1565 (52.1%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| A Level or equivalent | 663 (22.2%) | 1.28 | 0.76 | 2.15 |
| GCSE Level or equivalent | 566 (17.1%) | 1.74 | 1.00 | 3.02 |
| CSE or equivalent/other/none | 290 (8.6%) | 2.44 | 1.14 | 5.24 |
| Area deprivation quintile (p = 0.68) | ||||
| Least deprived | 739 (23.5%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 2nd | 636 (20.7%) | 1.16 | 0.61 | 2.24 |
| 3rd | 605 (19.8%) | 1.24 | 0.63 | 2.43 |
| 4th | 574 (18.8%) | 1.23 | 0.64 | 2.36 |
| Most deprived | 530 (17.2%) | 1.60 | 0.84 | 3.02 |
| Wellbeing (p < 0.01) | ||||
| Moderate/high wellbeing scores (>=20) | 2025 (63.5%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Lower wellbeing scores (<=20) | 1059 (36.5%) | 2.23 | 1.39 | 3.60 |
| Change in employment status (p = 0.48) | ||||
| Employed pre and post lockdown | 1856 (63.1%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Employed pre covid, furloughed during lockdown | 227 (7.8%) | 1.45 | 0.72 | 2.91 |
| Other employment status | 1001 (29.0%) | 0.87 | 0.48 | 1.55 |
| Subjective change in finances (p < 0.05) | ||||
| About the same | 1477 (66.4%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Financially worse off | 800 (14.9%) | 1.50 | 0.93 | 2.41 |
| Financially better off | 807 (18.7% | 0.73 | 0.43 | 1.23 |
| Change in stress levels (p = 0.07) | ||||
| About the same | 1658 (52.0%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| More than before | 1018 (34.1%) | 1.41 | 0.87 | 2.28 |
| Less than before | 408 (13.8% | 2.15 | 1.11 | 4.18 |
| Change in free time (p = 0.90) | ||||
| About the same | 1419 (49.4%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| More than before | 1448 (43.1%) | 1.00 | 0.62 | 1.63 |
| Less than before | 217 (7.5%) | 1.16 | 0.58 | 2.35 |
| Change in levels of conflict with others (p = 0.27) | ||||
| About the same | 2087 (14.9%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| More than before | 416 (6.6%) | 1.54 | 0.90 | 2.62 |
| Less than before | 581 (18.7%) | 1.09 | 0.60 | 1.98 |
| Whether shielding (p < 0.01) | ||||
| No | 2780 (90.1%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 276 (8.3%) | 1.98 | 0.97 | 4.01 |
| Missing | 28 (1.2%) | 6.80 | 2.48 | 18.69 |
| Change in cohabitation with spouse/partner (p = 0.68) | ||||
| Did not cohabit pre/post lockdown | 962 (33.9%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Cohabitation status with partner changed during lockdown | 54 (2.1%) | 1.52 | 0.52 | 4.45 |
| Cohabited with partner/spouse pre and post lockdown | 2068 (66.0%) | 0.95 | 0.61 | 1.47 |
| Change in gambling activities (p < 0.01) | ||||
| Continued gambling during lockdown | 1693 (53.0%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Started a new form of gambling during lockdown | 490 (17.3%) | 2.50 | 1.38 | 4.53 |
| Stopped all gambling during lockdown | 901 (29.8%) | 0.81 | 0.44 | 1.51 |
| Change in gambling expenditure (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Spent about the same during lockdown | 363 (11.5%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Spent less during lockdown | 2554 (82.5%) | 3.92 | 1.36 | 11.33 |
| Spent more during lockdown | 167 (6.0%) | 3.55 | 1.07 | 11.82 |
| Change in gambling frequency (p = 0.21) | ||||
| No change/frequency decreased | 2167 (68.7%) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Frequency of gambling on any activity increased | 917 (31.3%) | 1.53 | 0.78 | 2.98 |