Table 4.
Matched characteristics of farmers for PM-KISAN and PM-GKY, treatment vs. control groups.
| PM-KISAN |
PM-GKY |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean |
% Bias | T-Test |
Mean |
% Bias | T-Test |
|||||
| Treatment | Control | T Statistic | p > |T| | Treatment | Control | T Statistic | p > |T| | |||
| Gender (male = 1) | 0.93 | 0.93 | −3.4 | −0.87 | 0.39 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 11.3 | 1.88 | 0.06 |
| Age (year) | 44.0 | 43.6 | 2.8 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 43.4 | 44.4 | −8.2 | −1.47 | 0.14 |
| Age squared (year) | 2092 | 2059 | 2.8 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 2029 | 2122 | −8.4 | −1.45 | 0.15 |
| Education (year) | 6.20 | 6.29 | −1.7 | −0.43 | 0.67 | 6.13 | 6.35 | −4.7 | −0.86 | 0.39 |
| Household size (#) | 5.87 | 6.18 | −8.5 | −2.40 | 0.02 | 5.75 | 5.62 | 4.8 | 1.04 | 0.30 |
| Religion (hindu = 1) | 0.96 | 0.96 | −1.3 | −0.32 | 0.75 | 0.94 | 0.94 | −2.2 | −0.37 | 0.71 |
| Schedule caste and tribe (yes = 1) | 0.33 | 0.30 | 6.4 | 1.59 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 2.1 | 0.36 | 0.72 |
| Below poverty line (yes) | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.4 | 0.10 | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 9.0 | 1.62 | 0.11 |
| Kisan credit card (yes = 1) | 0.43 | 0.45 | −3.6 | −0.89 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.48 | −11.5 | −2.09 | 0.04 |
| Land size (hectare) | 1.37 | 1.47 | −3.7 | −1.25 | 0.21 | 1.28 | 1.33 | −2.2 | −0.52 | 0.60 |
| Primary source of income (cultivation = 1) | 0.74 | 0.74 | −0.4 | −0.10 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.81 | −15.0 | −2.86 | 0.00 |
| Primary source of income (livestock and other agriculture = 1) | 0.17 | 0.18 | −2.1 | −0.54 | 0.59 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 14.9 | 2.90 | 0.00 |
| Primary source of income (non-agriculture = 1) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 2.5 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 3.4 | 0.64 | 0.52 |
| Farm experience of the head of household (year) | 21.1 | 21.0 | 1.2 | 0.29 | 0.77 | 20.19 | 20.47 | −2.5 | −0.45 | 0.66 |
| Smart phone (yes = 1) | 0.21 | 0.22 | −1.8 | −0.45 | 0.65 | 0.18 | 0.19 | −3.6 | −0.71 | 0.48 |
| Tractor ownership (yes = 1) | 0.19 | 0.20 | −3.1 | −0.75 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.24 | −5.1 | −0.97 | 0.33 |
| Asset index (#) | −0.04 | −0.02 | −1.5 | −0.37 | 0.71 | −0.03 | 0.20 | −15.7 | −2.81 | 0.01 |
| Soil health card (yes = 1) | 0.11 | 0.12 | −4.9 | −1.13 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.11 | −4.6 | −0.87 | 0.38 |
| Crop insured (yes = 1) | 0.44 | 0.43 | 1.9 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.40 | 0.45 | −9.1 | −1.66 | 0.10 |
| Access to extension services (yes = 1) | 0.03 | 0.04 | −2.2 | −0.64 | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −7.3 | −1.62 | 0.11 |
| Social network of friends/neighbors/relatives | 0.39 | 0.34 | 9.4 | 2.34 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 10.0 | 1.85 | 0.07 |
| Distance of village to nearest input market (kilometre) | 6.89 | 7.31 | −8.5 | −2.11 | 0.04 | 6.96 | 7.16 | −3.6 | −0.70 | 0.49 |
| Distance of village to nearest output market (kilometre) | 8.98 | 9.45 | −7.3 | −1.94 | 0.05 | 9.17 | 9.16 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.97 |
| Distance of village to nearest bank (kilometre) | 5.37 | 5.39 | −0.6 | −0.15 | 0.88 | 4.98 | 5.08 | −2.4 | −0.46 | 0.65 |
| Distance of village to block headquarter (kilometre) | 9.47 | 9.78 | −4.2 | −1.16 | 0.25 | 9.47 | 9.43 | 0.4 | 0.09 | 0.93 |
| Distance of village to district headquarter (kilometre) | 26.69 | 27.98 | −6.2 | −1.53 | 0.13 | 25.32 | 26.17 | −4.6 | −0.86 | 0.39 |
| Soil type (loam = 1) | 0.16 | 0.17 | −2.6 | −0.60 | 0.55 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 3.3 | 0.64 | 0.52 |
| Soil type (sandy = 1) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2.3 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −2.4 | −0.43 | 0.66 |
| Soil type (sandy loam = 1) | 0.46 | 0.42 | 8.1 | 1.95 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 0.49 | −1.2 | −0.22 | 0.83 |
| Rainfed cultivation (yes) | 0.42 | 0.46 | −7.5 | −1.84 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 1.0 | 0.18 | 0.85 |
| Observations | 1220 | 158 | 662 | 89 | ||||||
Source: Author's calculation.
Notes: Matching is performed using a kernel matching procedure as described in the text. Matched characteristics are obtained in the common support region.