Fig. 4.

Digoxin-induced human ReN-derived astrocyte reactivity. A Relative mRNA levels of genes involved in inflammation after 24 h of exposure to digoxin. For each group n = 9–12 samples obtained in 3 independent experiments. B Relative levels of metabolites involved in inflammation and cellular volume after 24 h of exposure to digoxin or TNFα. Statistical analysis for the effects of digoxin was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test and for the effects of TNFα using Mann–Whitney test. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001