Table 3.
An example of the qualitative content analysis coding process: Exemplifying the second theme –"culturally-based constraints".
| Category | Theme | Coding Method | Codes | Unit of analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preliminary phase – learning conditions | Culturally- based constraints | Expressions that reveal a conflict between online learning demands and the culturally expected social roles, that ultimately hinder participant's availability to begin engaging in learning | Counteraction with culturally accepted social role as mothers | - “As a homemaker, I want to successfully manage all of my responsibilities toward the children and my husband …, while continuing to perform well in my studies. It's very difficult … For example, if a child starts crying during an online class, I don't know what to do first: Should I focus on the lesson or attend to the crying child. ….… I feel like Wonder Woman: I get up in the morning clean the house, do the chores, prepare breakfast for the children, and then sit down to study; then dinner … The children don't understand that I have to focus, and study and they complain: “Why are you on the phone all the time?” (She sighs) (INTW-15) |
| - “I'll be ready to attend an online class but [just then] a child needs help with homework. I'm his mother. Who will help him if not me? So, eventually I don't enter the lesson.” (FG-B) | ||||
| -" There are so many assignments to hand-in and lessons to enter, in addition to everything I have to do in the house with my little baby, that I can't even begin with it” (REF-88) | ||||
| Counteraction with culturally accepted social role as wives | -"We are newly married. There are so many lessons and chores. When am I meant to spend some time with my husband? He deserves a wife.” (FG-B) | |||
| -"I have to be honest; I am not really in full swing with this learning method. I am rarely able to attend an entire lesson. I have to prioritize my family. I have a husband and children.” (REF-17) | ||||
| Counteraction with culturally accepted social role as daughters or sisters in the extended family | - “As the eldest sister, with five younger brothers, I feel an immense pressure to first help my mother first, before I can attend the online class. This is difficult.” (REF-23) | |||
| - “I am at home and I have a younger brother who has Williams syndrome. He is at home because the schools are closed. My mother works, so I'm the one who takes care of my brother during the day. That's why I am less available for online studies because, as the older sister, I have an enormous responsibility. I must care for him, make sure he eats, and keep him occupied with various activities.” (INTW-55) |