Table 3.
Associations of individual diagnoses of anxiety disorders with levels and changes of COVID-19-related fear, anxiety, and depressive symptoms over time as well as subjectively perceived worsening of anxiety symptoms over time (in individuals with anxiety disorders only; last column).
| COVID-19- related fear (C-19-A) | Depressive and anxiety symptoms (PHQ-4) | Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2) | Anxiety symptoms (GAD-2) | Worsening of symptoms | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n Observations | 10,667 | 10,624 | 10,624 | 10,625 | 1,469 |
| Coefficient | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male vs. female | −0.160** (0.025) | −0.140** (0.023) | −0.057* (0.024) | −0.200** (0.023) | −0.009 (0.139) |
| Diverse vs. fem. | −0.141 (0.140) | −0.036 (0.129) | 0.019 (0.132) | −0.094 (0.129) | −0.235 (0.446) |
| Diverse vs. male | 0.019 (0.141) | 0.104 (0.130) | 0.076 (0.133) | 0.106 (0.130) | −0.226 (0.461) |
| Age | 0.005** (0.001) | −0.007** (0.001) | −0.009** (0.001) | −0.004** (0.001) | −0.001 (0.005) |
| Other mental disorder | 0.199** (0.050) | 0.507** (0.046) | 0.433** (0.046) | 0.506** (0.046) | 0.397** (0.141) |
| Depressive disorder | 0.290** (0.040) | 0.815** (0.037) | 0.846** (0.038) | 0.662** (0.037) | 0.385** (0.124) |
| Agoraphobia | 0.325** (0.115) | 0.078 (0.107) | 0.044 (0.111) | 0.100 (0.108) | 0.055 (0.215) |
| Panic disorder | 0.527** (0.057) | 0.460** (0.053) | 0.307** (0.055) | 0.541** (0.054) | 0.485** (0.131) |
| Social anxiety disorder | 0.224** (0.059) | 0.498** (0.055) | 0.495** (0.057) | 0.428** (0.055) | 0.120 (0.145) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.627** (0.052) | 0.614** (0.049) | 0.376** (0.050) | 0.753** (0.049) | 0.853** (0.133) |
| Other anxiety disorders | 0.143 (0.084) | 0.342** (0.078) | 0.343** (0.080) | 0.291** (0.079) | −0.214 (0.185) |
| Symptom change | −0.257** (0.007) | −0.075** (0.008) | −0.041** (0.008) | −0.095** (0.008) | −0.235* (0.104) |
| Symptom change * Agoraphobia | −0.076 (0.073) | 0.085 (0.076) | 0.084 (0.083) | 0.054 (0.080) | 0.059 (0.168) |
| Symptom change * Panic disorder | −0.023 (0.033) | −0.017 (0.035) | −0.025 (0.038) | −0.008 (0.037) | 0.110 (0.092) |
| Symptom change * Social anxiety disorder | −0.009 (0.032) | −0.007 (0.034) | −0.023 (0.037) | 0.012 (0.036) | −0.028 (0.097) |
| Symptom change * Generalized anxiety disorder | −0.116** (0.028) | −0.079** (0.029) | −0.047 (0.032) | −0.093** (0.031) | −0.202* (0.095) |
| Symptom change * other anxiety disorder | −0.037 (0.041) | −0.097* (0.044) | −0.099* (0.047) | −0.088 (0.046) | 0.001 (0.120) |
Note. b = coefficient from multilevel mixed-effect models (the values of the variable worsening were computed in a separate model with only the participants which stated to have a anxiety disorders, because only those answered the item). Standard errors are in parenthesis. Significance levels: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.